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Numbers Chapter Twenty-two

 

Numbers 22 Outlines

Balak Sends for Balaam (v.1~21)

Balaam the Donkey and the Angel (v.22~40)

Balaam’s First Prophecy (v.41)

New King James Version (NKJV)

 

INTRODUCTION TO NUMBERS 22

The children of Israel being come into the plains of Moab put the king of Moab into a panic who expressed his fears to the elders of Midian Numbers 22:1 and sent for Balaam the soothsayer to curse the people of Israel but he upon consulting the Lord refused to come Numbers 22:5 on which the king of Moab sent to him a second time making large promises of preferment to him and who at this time got leave from the Lord to go with the messengers Numbers 22:15 but was met with in the way by an angel of the Lord who would have slain him had it not been for his ass of which a very wonderful revelation is given Numbers 22:22 and the chapter is closed with the interview between Balak king of Moab and Balaam and an account of what passed between them and what was done by them Numbers 22:36.

 

Numbers 22:1   Then the children of Israel moved and camped in the plains of Moab on the side of the Jordan across from Jericho.

   YLT  1And the sons of Israel journey and encamp in the plains of Moab beyond the Jordan [by] Jericho.

And the children of Israel set forward .... From the country of Bashan where we read of them last after they had conquered Og the king of it and also Sihon king of the Amorites and settled some of their tribes in both kingdoms; the particular place from whence they came hither according to the account of their journeys were the mountains of Abarim Numbers 33:48

and pitched in the plains of Moab the part of them they encamped in reached from Bethjesimoth to Abelshittim Numbers 33:49

on this side Jordan by Jericho; or Jordan of Jericho as the Targums of Onkelos and Jonathan; a river that flowed near to Jericho running between the plains of Moab and the plains of Jericho; according to JosephusF21Antiqu. l. 5. c. 1. sect. 4. it was sixty furlongs or seven miles and a half from Jericho; but according to JeromeF23De locis Heb. fol. 87. G. it was but five miles: or rather as some versions render it "over against Jericho"F24 κατα ιεριχω Sept. "ex opposito Heiricho" Tigurine version. ; for Jericho was on the other side of the river Jordan and the plains of Moab or that part of them where Israel now pitched were right against that city; and so Josephus saysF25Antiqu. l. 4. c. 6. sect. 1. .

 

Numbers 22:2   2 Now Balak the son of Zippor saw all that Israel had done to the Amorites.

   YLT  2And Balak son of Zippor seeth all that Israel hath done to the Amorite

And Balak the son of Zippor saw all that Israel had done to the Amorites. The word "Amorites" being particularly pointed shows as Aben Ezra observes that Sihon and Og are both meant and that there were not among the kings of the land of Canaan any so great as they; wherefore when Balak who was the present king of Moab saw what Israel had done to them that they had conquered them and seized upon their kingdoms: he reasoned within himself and said as Jarchi represents him that if they could not stand before Israel much less could he and his people; and the rather since those kings Israel had subdued were too powerful for the king of Moab and had taken part of his country from him and yet Israel was too strong for them.

 

Numbers 22:3   3 And Moab was exceedingly afraid of the people because they were many and Moab was sick with dread because of the children of Israel.

   YLT  3and Moab is exceedingly afraid of the presence of the people for it [is] numerous; and Moab is vexed by the presence of the sons of Israel

And Moab was sore afraid of the people .... Lest they should enter into their country and do to them as they had done to Sihon and Og and their countries; on this account the king of Moab his nobles and the people of the land were in an exceeding great panic which was a fulfilling of the prophecy of Moses in Exodus 15:15

because they were many the number of them taken a little after in this place where they now were in the plains of Moab even after 24 000 had died of the plague was 601 730 Numbers 25:9

and Moab was distressed because of the children of Israel; though they had no reason for it had they considered their relation to them being the descendants of Abraham the uncle of Lot whose posterity they were; and that the Israelites had done them service in delivering them from such bad neighbours who had taken much of their country from them and were doubtless making continual encroachments on them; and especially had they known the orders the Israelites had from the Lord not to distress them nor contend with them in battle Deuteronomy 2:9 but this they were ignorant of and being of a different religion from the Israelites had them in abhorrence or loathed them as the word signifies; though the meaning rather seems to be that they had a nausea a loathing in their stomachs and could not eat their food because of the dread of the Israelites that was upon them; or they were weary of their lives as Jarchi interprets it and as the word is used Genesis 27:46.

 

Numbers 22:4   4 So Moab said to the elders of Midian “Now this company will lick up everything around us as an ox licks up the grass of the field.” And Balak the son of Zippor was king of the Moabites at that time.

   YLT  4and Moab saith unto the elders of Midian `Now doth the assembly lick up all that is round about us as the ox licketh up the green thing of the field.' And Balak son of Zippor [is] king of Moab at that time

And Moab said unto the elders of Midian .... Whom the king of Moab sent for to consult with what to do in the present case for the good and safety of both people; for according to the Targum of Jonathan they were one people and one kingdom unto this time at least had been confederates by what is said Genesis 36:35 though Jarchi thinks there was always a mutual hatred of each other and that Midian now came against Moab to war but for fear of Israel a peace was made between them just as it was with Herod and Pontius Pilate in another case Luke 23:12 however they were friends as well as neighbours now; and by which it appears that this Midian was not that where Jethro lived which was on the Red sea near Mount Sinai in Arabia Felix; this was near the river Arnon and the Moabites in Arabia Petraea; and though both the one and the other descended from Midian the son of Abraham by Keturah yet they had spread themselves or the one was a colony from the other and might be distinguished into southern and northern Midianites; the latter were those near Moab; and these elders of Midian addressed by the king of Moab being now at his court whether sent for or not are the same with the five kings or princes of Midian as they are called Numbers 31:8 as Aben Ezra observes:

now shall this company lick up all that are round about us; consume us and all our people and all adjoining to us and depending on us:

as the ox licketh up the grass of the field; as easily and as soon and as completely and entirely; nor are we any more able to oppose them than the grass of the field is to resist and hinder the ox from devouring it:

and Balak the son of Zippor was king of the Moabites at that time; according to the Targum of Jonathan Midianites and Moabites reigned by turns so long a time; and that Balak was a Midianite and so says Jarchi and unfit for the kingdom and was set over them through necessity for a time: but it seems rather that he was king in succession after his father Zippor; and the design of the expression is only to show that he who was before mentioned Numbers 22:2 was the then reigning prince when this affair happened.

 

Numbers 22:5   5 Then he sent messengers to Balaam the son of Beor at Pethor which is near the River[a] in the land of the sons of his people [b] to call him saying: “Look a people has come from Egypt. See they cover the face of the earth and are settling next to me!

   YLT  5and he sendeth messengers unto Balaam son of Beor to Pethor which [is] by the River of the land of the sons of his people to call for him saying `Lo a people hath come out of Egypt; lo it hath covered the eye of the land and it is abiding over-against me;

He sent messengers therefore unto Balaam the son of Beor .... In consequence of the consultation held by the king of Moab with the elders of Midian; and very probably through a motion of theirs and by advice they gave Balak dispatched messengers of both people to the person here described by his name and parentage; but who he was is not easy to say: the Jews sometimes make him to be a magician in Pharaoh's court at the time when Moses was bornF26Dibre Hayamim Shekmoaseh fol. 3. 2. which is not probable; and it is still more improbable that he should be Laban the Syrian as the Targum of Jonathan here and the Targum on 1 Chronicles 1:44 though others sayF1Shalshalet Hakabala fol. 7. 2. he was the son of Beor the son of Laban and so was the grandson of Laban; and with as little probability is he said to be Elihu that answered Job according to a tradition of the Jews mentioned by JeromF2Quaest. "see Traditiones" in Gen. fol. 69. D. ; nor is there any reason to believe that he was ever a good man and a true prophet of the Lord; he is expressly said to be a diviner or a soothsayer Joshua 13:22 a sort of men abhorred of God and not to be suffered to be among his people Deuteronomy 18:10 but were of great credit and esteem among the Heathens for their pretensions to foretell things to come or to discover lost goods and the like; and by their enchantments to drive away evils or bring on curses for which Balaam was famous: and therefore by the advice of the Midianites Balak sent for him

to Pethor which is by the river of the land of the children of his people; the land of his people of his birth or habitation was Aram or Syria Numbers 23:7 that is Aram Naharaim which lay between the two rivers Tigris and Euphrates or what is sometimes called Mesopotamia as is clear from Deuteronomy 23:4 and the river of that land which was eminently so called is the river Euphrates as the Targum of Jonathan expresses it here and by that river was Pethor where Balaam now lived; and is by some thought to be the same with the Pacoria of PtolemyF3Geograph. l. 5. c. 18. which was by that river: the messengers were sent

to call him: to invite him to Balak's court:

saying behold there is a people come out from Egypt; Balak speaks of them as if he knew not who they were only that they were come from Egypt and were seeking a new habitation to settle in and so were in danger from them lest they should invade his country and settle there:

behold they cover the face of the earth; not the face of the whole earth unless an hyperbolical expression is supposed to set forth the greatness of their numbers; but a large part of the earth all within sight almost even the plains of Moab:

and they abide over against me; were very near him lay encamped before his country and his metropolis and so he thought himself in great danger and threatened with an invasion as the pitching of their tents so near made him surmise.

 

Numbers 22:6   6 Therefore please come at once curse this people for me for they are too mighty for me. Perhaps I shall be able to defeat them and drive them out of the land for I know that he whom you bless is blessed and he whom you curse is cursed.”

   YLT  6and now come I pray thee curse for me this people for it [is] mightier than I; it may be I prevail -- we smite it -- and I cast it out from the land; for I have known -- that which thou blessest is blessed and that which thou cursest is cursed.'

Come now therefore I pray thee .... To my country city and court:

curse me this people; by imprecations on them; and which being attended with various rites and ceremonies brought calamities on persons which men of Balaam's character were supposed to have power to do:

for they are too mighty for me; to oppose and subdue by force of arms; and therefore was obliged to have recourse to such arts and methods he was master of; suggesting that he was able to do more by his divinations than could be effected by an army of men:

peradventure I shall prevail that we may smite them and that I may drive them out of the land; there is hope by taking such measures that they may be prevailed over and conquered; and that together with your curses and my army we may be able to smite them and destroy them; you with your tongue and I and my people with the sword and so drive them quite out of the land and get a clear riddance of them:

for I wot that he whom thou blessest is blessed and he whom thou cursest is cursed; so high an opinion had the king of Moab of this soothsayer and diviner from the report he had had of the mighty feats done by him; as that those for whom he asked for blessings from heaven had them and those on whom he imprecated evils they came upon them; and this was a prevailing custom among the Heathens in later times and particularly the Romans; not only to endeavour to get the gods of the people from them they were at war with and whose cities they besieged praying that they would leave such places cities and their temples; but also wished evils to cities and armies and prayed the gods to fill them with flight fear and terror and that such evils might come upon them which had on othersF4Vid. Macrob. Saturnal. l. 3. c. 9. .

 

Numbers 22:7   7 So the elders of Moab and the elders of Midian departed with the diviner’s fee in their hand and they came to Balaam and spoke to him the words of Balak.

   YLT  7And the elders of Moab and the elders of Midian go and divinations in their hand and they come in unto Balaam and speak unto him the words of Balak

And the elders of Moab and the elders of Midian departed .... By which it appears that they were princes and nobles; for such the elders were that were sent on this errand to Balaam; and that they were some of both people Midian and Moab that went upon it see Numbers 22:14 which shows that if they were not one people under one king which yet seems likely nevertheless they made a common cause of it and joined in this expedient to save their country:

with the rewards of divination in their hands; not that diviners were sent along with them to Balsam as Aben Ezra interprets it that he might not deceive them and put them off by saying it was not a fit and proper day or hour to go out and curse which these men would be able to refute; but if they were skilled in the art of divination as well as he what need was there to send to him when they had such at hand? nor instruments of divination as Jarchi which so famous a soothsayer could not be thought to be without; but as we rightly render it the rewards of divination which were either fixed or left to the generosity of those that had recourse to such persons and were presents which they brought them in order to engage them to use the utmost of their art for them; and this sense is confirmed by the Apostles Peter and Jude see 2 Peter 2:15

and they came unto Balaam; at Pethor:

and spake unto him the words of Balak: told him the errand they were sent on to him by the king of Moab.

 

Numbers 22:8   8 And he said to them “Lodge here tonight and I will bring back word to you as the Lord speaks to me.” So the princes of Moab stayed with Balaam.

   YLT  8and he saith unto them `Lodge here to-night and I have brought you back word as Jehovah speaketh unto me;' and the princes of Moab abide with Balaam.

And he said unto them lodge here this night .... Which shows that he was at once inclined to do their business for them and would readily engage in it if he could be permitted; and it looks as if it was in the night season that he got knowledge of things either in dreams or by familiar spirits or by consulting the stars or other methods used by him at such seasons; or it may be this was only said to get time before he gave them a peremptory answer that he might if he could get leave to do what they desired to which he showed a good inclination:

and I will bring you word again as the Lord shall speak unto me; by which it appears he had some knowledge of the true God and pretended great familiarity with him thereby to make himself the more respectable; and indeed he was surprisingly favoured with some degree of intimacy with him which for the sake of Israel he was now admitted to; whether at any other time or on any other occasion is not certain; however he promised the princes he would let them know the next morning what was said to him and so accordingly what he should or could do:

and the princes of Moab abode with Balaam; that is that night and so very probably the princes of Midian likewise; though some of the Jewish writers thinkF5Jarchi Ramban & Isaac Arama apud Muis in loc. they departed as soon as they heard Balaam say he would consult the Lord about this matter; from whence they concluded there was no room to hope for success since he would never consent to destroy a nation so dear unto him and for whose sake he had wrought so many miracles; but if this was the case how came the princes of Moab to stay with whom the same objection would have place? but the reason why they only are named may be what Aben Ezra gives an hint of that these were the principal persons in the embassy in whom the rest were included as Balak their king was the principal person that sent them.

 

Numbers 22:9   9 Then God came to Balaam and said “Who are these men with you?”

   YLT  9And God cometh in unto Balaam and saith `Who [are] these men with thee?'

And God came unto Balaam .... In a dream very probably as he did to Abimelech and Laban Genesis 20:3

and said what men are these with thee? who lodged with him that night. This he said not as ignorant who they were or from whence they came or what they came about; but in order to lead on to a discourse with Balaam and to have from him the account of the men and their business and to try his fidelity in relating the affair.

 

Numbers 22:10   10 So Balaam said to God “Balak the son of Zippor king of Moab has sent to me saying

   YLT  10And Balaam saith unto God `Balak son of Zippor king of Moab hath sent unto me:

And Balaam said unto God .... In answer to the question he put to him:

Balak the son of Zippor king of Moab hath sent unto me; these men and a message by them:

saying; as follows.

 

Numbers 22:11   11 ‘Look a people has come out of Egypt and they cover the face of the earth. Come now curse them for me; perhaps I shall be able to overpower them and drive them out.’”

   YLT  11Lo the people that is coming out from Egypt and covereth the eye of the land -- now come pierce it for me; it may be I am able to fight against it and have cast it out;'

Behold there is a people come out of Egypt .... In this and the following part of the verse he faithfully and punctually relates the words of Balak to him by his messengers as well knowing he could not deceive the omniscient God or hide anything from him though he could deceive men; and conceal the truth from them to serve a purpose; See Gill on Numbers 22:5 Numbers 22:6.

 

Numbers 22:12   12 And God said to Balaam “You shall not go with them; you shall not curse the people for they are blessed.”

   YLT  12and God saith unto Balaam `Thou dost not go with them; thou dost not curse the people; for it [is] blessed.'

And God said unto Balaam thou shalt not go with them .... Which is a denial of the first thing Balak requested "come now therefore" &c. Numbers 22:6.

thou shall not curse the people; which was the principal thing desired and in order to which he was solicited to go with the messengers; but this is absolutely forbidden:

for they are blessed; by the Lord himself with an irrevocable blessing and therefore it would be vain and fruitless as well as dangerous for him to attempt to curse them Genesis 12:3 this may have a special respect to the blessing of Jacob by Isaac which could not be reversed by the solicitations of Esau and which descended to Jacob's posterity the Israelites Genesis 27:33.

 

Numbers 22:13   13 So Balaam rose in the morning and said to the princes of Balak “Go back to your land for the Lord has refused to give me permission to go with you.”

   YLT  13And Balaam riseth in the morning and saith unto the princes of Balak `Go unto your land for Jehovah is refusing to suffer me to go with you;'

And Balaam rose up in the morning .... With the impression of the dream upon his mind and of what had passed between God and him in it:

and said unto the princes of Balak; which shows what the elders were that were sent of what honour and dignity and may include both those of Moab and of Midian:

get you into your land; as soon as you can; set forward on your journey it is to no purpose to stay here:

for the Lord refuseth to give me leave to go with you; he only relates one part of the answer he had from the Lord respecting his going with them but says not a word of his being forbid to curse Israel and of the reason given why he should not; had he reported this in all probability it would have prevented any further application to him and so any attempt to get this done which Balaam seemed aware of; and therefore by concealing this hoped for fresh solicitations and entreaties and that in time the Lord might be prevailed on to let him go and curse them; he having a covetous desire of riches honour and preferment in Balak's court.

 

Numbers 22:14   14 And the princes of Moab rose and went to Balak and said “Balaam refuses to come with us.”

   YLT  14and the princes of Moab rise and come in unto Balak and say `Balaam is refusing to come with us.'

And the princes of Moab rose up .... And the princes of Midian also immediately without entering into a parley with him to persuade him to go with them; perceiving by his answer that it would be to no purpose and that he was determined to do as the Lord directed him:

and they went unto Balak and said Balaam refuseth to come with us; as Balaam told them less than what God had said to him so they related less to Balak than what Balaam had said to them; saying nothing of the Lord's refusing to let him go with them but represent it as a piece of pride and obstinacy in Balaam and which Balak was left to understand; and it seems as if he did understand it as a piece of policy in Balaam to get a larger offer of money or honour or both from him and which the following account seems to confirm.

 

Numbers 22:15   15 Then Balak again sent princes more numerous and more honorable than they.

   YLT  15And Balak addeth yet to send princes more numerous and honoured than these

And Balak sent yet again princes more and more honourable than they. More in number and greater in quality princes of the first rank in his court; supposing that Balaam thought he was not treated with respect enough they being princes of the meaner sort and but few that were sent unto him before which he imagined was the reason at least one reason why he refused to come with them; persons of Balaam's character in those days being highly revered.

 

Numbers 22:16   16 And they came to Balaam and said to him “Thus says Balak the son of Zippor: ‘Please let nothing hinder you from coming to me;

   YLT  16and they come in unto Balaam and say to him `Thus said Balak son of Zippor Be not I pray thee withheld from coming unto me

And they came to Balaam .... Though men of such rank and dignity they did not decline the embassy being sent by their king; nor did they think it below them to wait upon this soothsayer:

and said unto him thus saith Balak the son of Zippor; representing their master and addressing the diviner in his name as his ambassadors; at the same time doing honour to Balak that sent them of whom they speak respectfully and to Balaam to whom they were sent:

let nothing I pray thee hinder thee from coming unto me; no business though ever so important that might be upon his hands; nor any want of respect to him he might imagine; nor if the rewards offered were not thought sufficient; nor any persuasions of men to the contrary; and if it could be thought he knew anything of the prohibition of God that may be included; so urgent was he upon his coming to him.

 

Numbers 22:17   17 for I will certainly honor you greatly and I will do whatever you say to me. Therefore please come curse this people for me.’”

   YLT  17for very greatly I honour thee and all that thou sayest unto me I do; and come I pray thee pierce for me this people.'

For I will promote thee unto very great honour .... In his court by making him some great officer there perhaps his prime minister; so that as before he laid a bait for his covetousness sending him large presents and rewards of divination; here for his pride and ambition promising him court preferment; though Aben Ezra interprets it of mammon or riches of which he could give him an immense sum: "in honouring I will exceedingly honour thee"F6כבד אכבדך מאד "honorando honorabo te valde" Pagninus Montanus Piscator. ; or load thee with wealth and riches; and so Balaam seems to understand it since in his answer he says "if Balak would give me his house full of silver and gold"; both civil honour and worldly wealth may be taken into the account since they are both heavy and weighty things and very desirable and ensnaring:

and I will do whatsoever thou sayest unto me; give him what money he should ask of him put him into whatsoever place and office he should desire; and though he was a sovereign prince would be at his beck and command and do whatever he should direct him to do in his kingdom as well as in what concerned the affair of cursing Israel; as we find he afterwards did with respect to sacrifices and rites relative thereunto:

come therefore I pray thee curse me this people; renewing the request made in the first embassy with great importunity Numbers 22:6 but using here a different word for "cursing"; there as Munster observes the word signifies to curse lightly; here to blaspheme and utterly devote to ruin; to which may be added to curse expressly and by name to pierce through and through to deprive of all benefits and to destroy utterly.

 

Numbers 22:18   18 Then Balaam answered and said to the servants of Balak “Though Balak were to give me his house full of silver and gold I could not go beyond the word of the Lord my God to do less or more.

   YLT  18And Balaam answereth and saith unto the servants of Balak `If Balak doth give to me the fulness of his house of silver and gold I am not able to pass over the command of Jehovah my God to do a little or a great thing;

And Balaam answered and said unto the servant's of Balak .... Who were not only princes of the land but officers of state in the court of Balak:

if Balak would give me his house full of silver and gold I cannot go beyond the word of the Lord my God to do less or more; which is well spoken had it been from his heart: he speaks very respectfully of God calling him by his great and incommunicable name Jehovah the Being of beings; representing him as the object of his worship and adoration as he might be along with other gods which was the practice of the Heathens in those times particularly the Syrians among whom Balaam lived; so did Laban and others before him: likewise he makes a profession of him and claims an interest in him which he might the rather do to make himself look greater as being the servant of the most high God; for the Gentiles in those times and indeed in later times had a notion of one supreme God superior to all the rest; and this Jehovah Balaam claimed as his God: he speaks very well of the word of God to which he pretended so strict a regard that he would not transgress it in the least for all that Balak could give him or more no not for all the money in the world; and yet his heart at the same time went after his covetousness and he was eagerly desirous and greedy of getting the advantages into his hands that were offered him; for he hoped that God would change his mind and alter his word and give him leave to go and get the money as appears by what follows.

 

Numbers 22:19   19 Now therefore please you also stay here tonight that I may know what more the Lord will say to me.”

   YLT  19and now abide I pray you in this [place] you also to-night; and I know what Jehovah is adding to speak with me.'

Now therefore I pray you tarry ye also here this night .... As the former messengers had; this shows his strong inclination to go along with them and do what was desired of him could he be permitted; otherwise he might and ought to have told the messengers at once that Balak needed not to have given himself and them so much trouble since it was not in his power to do for him what he requested; nor would he attempt it as being contrary to the will of God and therefore it would be their best way to return as soon as they could; but instead of that he desires them to stay that night which must give them some hope of succeeding in their embassy:

that I may know what the Lord will say unto me more; he hoped he would change his mind and say something to him different from and contrary to what he had before declared unto him which to suppose of God is great vileness and wickedness; to such a pitch did his greedy desire after riches and honour work him up into; he ought to have been satisfied with the answer already given him and not to have inquired more.

 

Numbers 22:20   20 And God came to Balaam at night and said to him “If the men come to call you rise and go with them; but only the word which I speak to you—that you shall do.”

  YLT  20And God cometh in unto Balaam by night and saith to him `If to call for thee the men have come rise go with them and only the thing which I speak unto thee -- it thou dost do.'

And the Lord came unto Balaam at night .... As before Numbers 22:9 it may be in a dream; the Targum of Jonathan is as there "a word came from the Lord:"

and said unto him if the men come and call thee rise up and go with them; this was said as some think not seriously but sarcastically or rather in an angry manner bidding him go if he would; so giving him up to his own heart's lusts or at most; only permitting him to go with them but not to curse Israel; and this permission to go seems to be on this condition if the princes first called him and were urgent on him to go with them: this was a trial of Balaam whether he would be eager and forward to go or patiently wait until he should be called; or the words may be rendered "seeing" or becauseF7אם "quandoquidem" Junius & Tremellius Piscator; so Noldius p. 88. & Ainsworth. :

they are come to call thee: but yet the word which I shall say unto thee that shall thou do; whether he would or not he should be forced to do it as Jarchi; and therefore go not with any intention to curse Israel which shall never be done; wherefore to go would be vain and fruitless since he would never be able to answer the design of Balak: but still Balaam hoped it not being so fully and clearly expressed as before that he should not curse Israel; that God would say something else unto him though he had no reason at all for it but all the reverse; so blinded was he with a greedy desire of riches and honour.

 

Numbers 22:21   21 So Balaam rose in the morning saddled his donkey and went with the princes of Moab.

   YLT  21And Balaam riseth in the morning and saddleth his ass and goeth with the princes of Moab

And Balaam rose up in the morning .... Early not waiting for the call of the princes which showed how eager he was to be gone and how intent upon the journey:

and saddled his ass; which if he did himself as Jarchi suggests this is a further proof of the haste he was in; though as he had two servants with him it is more likely that they did it by his order: the same is said of Abraham Genesis 22:3 it was usual for persons of note and figure in those times and countries to ride on asses Judges 5:10 and went with the princes of Moab; in company with them and with as good a will as they his heart and theirs being alike as Jarchi notes; though it seems by what follows that by some means or another they soon parted company; for when the affair of the ass happened Balaam was alone only attended by his two servants.

 

Numbers 22:22   22 Then God’s anger was aroused because he went and the Angel of the Lord took His stand in the way as an adversary against him. And he was riding on his donkey and his two servants were with him.

   YLT  22and the anger of God burneth because he is going and a messenger of Jehovah stationeth himself in the way for an adversary to him and he is riding on his ass and two of his servants [are] with him

And God's anger was kindled because he went .... Though he had given him leave to go; but then it was upon condition that the princes called him to go with them whereas he went without their call and did not wait for it; and besides he did not acquaint them as he did not the messengers before of what God had said that he should not curse Israel nor say anything contrary to this his will which had he told them they would not have taken him with them; moreover he went with an intention with a good will to curse Israel which must be displeasing to God who knew his heart; so the Targum of Jonathan "and the anger of the Lord was strong because he went to curse them;'likewise though he had a permission to go it was in an angry manner and was not agreeable to the Lord he should go and therefore should not have gone notwithstanding; or at least he might expect some marks of the divine displeasure; so Jarchi observes he saw that the thing was evil in the eyes of the Lord or displeasing to him and yet he desired it; just as the people of Israel when the Lord bid them go up and possess the land which case Aben Ezra instances in; they desired persons might be sent before hand to spy out the land which though permitted they smarted for it: for not whatsoever God permits is well pleasing to him; besides the words may be renderedF8כי הולך "quum iret" Noldius p. 403. "when he went" or "as he was going"; and so not a reason of the Lord's anger but expresses when it was kindled or broke forth:

and the angel of the Lord stood in the way for an adversary against him; that this was not a created angel one of the ministering spirits but the eternal one the angel of Jehovah's presence appears from Numbers 22:35 that went before the people of Israel in the wilderness not only to guide but to guard and protect them; and who was an adversary to their adversaries and at all times stood up for their help and assistance against all those that hated and opposed them: Jarchi calls him an angel of mercy who would have restrained Balaam from sinning that he might not sin and perish and so was rather a friend than an adversary had he attended to him:

now he was riding upon his ass and his two servants were with him; who the Targum of Jonathan says were Jannes and Jambres the magicians of Egypt of whom see 2 Timothy 3:8 these only were with him the princes of Midian on some account or another being separated from him.

 

Numbers 22:23   23 Now the donkey saw the Angel of the Lord standing in the way with His drawn sword in His hand and the donkey turned aside out of the way and went into the field. So Balaam struck the donkey to turn her back onto the road.

   YLT  23and the ass seeth the messenger of Jehovah standing in the way and his drawn sword in his hand and the ass turneth aside out of the way and goeth into a field and Balaam smiteth the ass to turn it aside into the way.

And the ass saw the angel of the Lord standing in the way .... Which Balaam did not; his eyes being held from seeing him by the power and providence of God that he might be reproved and rebuked by his ass to whom God gave power to see more than to him as Jarchi notes so that he had little reason to boast of his visions and revelations and that he was the man whose eyes were open: the angel stood in the very pathway on which the ass was carrying Balaam: and his sword drawn in his hand; as threatening to destroy him and as if he was just about to push at him and signifying hereby not only that he deserved to die but what death he should die of namely by the sword as he did Numbers 31:8.

and the ass turned aside out of the way; out of the common road to save its master and itself from a natural principle of self-preservation: and went into the field; adjoining to and that lay along the road side:

and Balaam smote the ass to turn her into the way; with his staff as in Numbers 22:27 to bring her into the common road again.

 

Numbers 22:24   24 Then the Angel of the Lord stood in a narrow path between the vineyards with a wall on this side and a wall on that side.

   YLT  24And the messenger of Jehovah standeth in a narrow path of the vineyards -- a wall on this [side] and a wall on that –

But the angel of the Lord stood in a path of the vineyard ..... Which were in the field into which the ass went and before Balaam could turn her back she got into a narrow path between the vineyards as the Targum of Jonathan; a footpath which lay between them or a footpath where foxes ran and had their holes who used to lie near vineyards and among them see Song of Solomon 1:14 however it was a very narrow path and here the angel placed himself so that there was no passage for Balaam and his ass at least not without great difficulty and danger:

a wall being on this side and a wall on that side; and therefore there was no going out into the field as before to avoid the difficulty and danger; this being as Jarchi observes a stone wall that was on each side.

 

Numbers 22:25   25 And when the donkey saw the Angel of the Lord she pushed herself against the wall and crushed Balaam’s foot against the wall; so he struck her again.

   YLT  25and the ass seeth the messenger of Jehovah and is pressed unto the wall and presseth Balaam's foot unto the wall and he addeth to smite her;

And when the ass saw the angel of the Lord .... In the same position as before with a drown sword in his hand and being frightened again and in a narrow path and no way to turn aside:

she thrust herself unto the wall; to one of the walls as close as she could in order to get by the angel:

and crushed Balaam's foot against the wall; running up so very closely to it:

and he smote her again; having done it once before Numbers 22:23 the times of smiting are observed for the sake of what the ass after said and for the confirmation of it.

 

Numbers 22:26   26 Then the Angel of the Lord went further and stood in a narrow place where there was no way to turn either to the right hand or to the left.

   YLT  26and the messenger of Jehovah addeth to pass over and standeth in a strait place where there is no way to turn aside -- right or left –

And the angel of the Lord went further and stood in a narrow place .... More narrow than the other at a further distance:

where was no way to turn either to the right hand or to the left; it was so strait and close a place that the angel filled the whole breadth of it that there was no passing him; so that there was no getting forward nor backward; not forward because the angel filled up the way and there was no slipping by him; nor backward because it could not turn itself to the right or left.

 

Numbers 22:27   27 And when the donkey saw the Angel of the Lord she lay down under Balaam; so Balaam’s anger was aroused and he struck the donkey with his staff.

   YLT  27and the ass seeth the messenger of Jehovah and croucheth under Balaam and the anger of Balaam burneth and he smiteth the ass with a staff.

And when the ass saw the angel of the Lord .... The third time; for it seems that he was not always in sight but disappeared as he removed from place to place and at every new place where he stood the ass saw him though her master did not:

she fell down under Balaam; upon her knees on the ground not being able to go backwards nor forwards nor to turn out of the way to the right or left:

and Balaam's anger was kindled; he was displeased and out of humour before when it turned into the field and when it squeezed his foot against the wall and therefore he smote it; but now falling down with him he was in a fume and fury quite enraged:

and he smote the ass with a staff; which he rode with perhaps his divining staff see Hosea 4:12 it is not said what he smote it with before but probably with the same: Aben Ezra says at the first and second time he smote it with a small stick or with a thong.

 

Numbers 22:28   28 Then the Lord opened the mouth of the donkey and she said to Balaam “What have I done to you that you have struck me these three times?”

   YLT  28And Jehovah openeth the mouth of the ass and she saith to Balaam `What have I done to thee that thou hast smitten me these three times?'

And the Lord opened the mouth of the ass and she said unto Balaam .... This was a very extraordinary and miraculous affair and effected by a supernatural power that a dumb creature which had not organs endued with speech should speak so plainly and distinctly as is after expressed; and yet it should not be thought incredible for what is it that Omnipotence cannot do? wherefore there is no need to say as some Jewish writersF9Maimon. Moreh Nevochim par. 2. c. 42. Ben Gersom in loc. that this was all done in a visionary way and not really and literally performed; nor can Heathens well object to the verity of it if they believe what they themselves report concerning one of the asses which carried Bacchus over a river to which for reward he gave the power of speaking with an human voiceF11Hygin. Poet. Astronomic. l. 2. c. 23. "Lactant de falsa Relig". l. 1. c. 21. ; though it is very probable the fable was framed from this story and frequently do their writers speak of other brute creatures endued with speech; so HomerF12Iliad. 19. "prope finem". represents Xanthus the horse of Achilles having the faculty of speech given it by Juno: Pliny saysF13Nat. Hist. l. 8. c. 45. it is commonly reported among the wonderful things of the ancients that an ox spoke; and LivyF14Hist. l. 24. c. 10. l. 27. c. 11. l. 28. c. 11. and l. 35. c. 21. frequently makes mention of an ox spoke speaking in divers places and of one particularly that said "Rome take heed to thyself;'not to take notice of a lamb in Egypt in the times of Bocchoris that spoke related by AelianusF15De Animal. l. 12. c. 3. and others; nor of the ram of Phrixus or the dog at Ariminum and the elephant of Porus in India with others BochartF16Hierozoic. par. 1. l. 2. c. 14. col. 197 198. has collected together: the words spoken by the ass were as follow:

what have l done unto thee that thou hast smitten me these three times? and just so many times she had been smitten by him Numbers 22:23.

 

Numbers 22:29   29 And Balaam said to the donkey “Because you have abused me. I wish there were a sword in my hand for now I would kill you!”

   YLT  29and Balaam saith to the ass `Because thou hast rolled thyself against me; oh that there were a sword in my hand for now I had slain thee;'

And Balaam said unto the ass because thou hast mocked me .... Or rather "defiled me" as the word is rendered in Job 16:15 by running with him against a wall and by lying down with him in the dust and dirt and so the Arabic version renders it "because thou hast rolled me in the dirt;'the sense of mocking is not easy to be understood unless it be that it exposed him to be mocked and laughed at by others by turning aside and lying down and being so unruly; but then there were only his servants with him to whom only he could be exposed in such a manner which one would think would not have given him so much concern and put him into such a passion: the word sometimes is used for seeking occasion and such a sense it may have here as that it sought an opportunity or occasion to throw him and so to kill him or at least to do him harm see Daniel 6:4.

I would there were a sword in my hand for now would I kill thee: so enraged was he and his passion was so great that he was not at all frightened and amazed to hear the ass speak though JosephusF17Antiqu. l. 4. c. 6. sect. 3. represents him as disturbed and astonished at it; but some think he being used to converse with spirits in the shapes of various creatures it was no surprise to him to hear it speak.

 

Numbers 22:30   30 So the donkey said to Balaam “Am I not your donkey on which you have ridden ever since I became yours to this day? Was I ever disposed to do this to you?” And he said “No.”

   YLT  30and the ass saith unto Balaam `Am not I thine ass upon which thou hast ridden since [I was] thine unto this day? have I at all been accustomed to do to thee thus?' and he saith `No.'

And the ass said unto Balaam .... Made a reply to him as if it understood what he said and had the faculty of reasoning and discoursing as well as of speaking which is very amazing:

am not I thine ass upon which thou hast ridden ever since I was thine unto this day? or rather "ever since thou wast"; not ever since he was in being but ever since he could ride so Aben Ezra; according to which it seems that this was the first he rode upon and which he had always been used to; hence the Targums of Jonathan and Jerusalem paraphrase it "upon which thou hast rode from thy youth unto this day;'and be it that Balaam was a man pretty well advanced in years an ass is a creature that lives a long time: Pliny saysF18Nat. Hist. l. 8. c. 43. it lives thirty years; and an Arabic writerF19Algiahid in Damir. apud Bochart ut supra (Hierozoic. par. 1. l. 2. c. 14.) Colossians 195. makes mention of an ass that the owner of it rode on forty years:

was I ever wont to do so unto thee? to start out of the way or lie down with him could anyone instance be given of it? suggesting that she was a sure footed creature and had always carefully and safely carried him for which it appeals to him:

and he said nay; she had never been used to serve him in such a manner as she had now and therefore he might have concluded that something more than ordinary was the matter; and it is much his conscience had not accused him that he was wrong in coming with the princes taking the alarm from these circumstances had he not been an hardened creature or at least had he not been so eagerly bent on riches and honour.

 

Numbers 22:31   31 Then the Lord opened Balaam’s eyes and he saw the Angel of the Lord standing in the way with His drawn sword in His hand; and he bowed his head and fell flat on his face.

   YLT  31And Jehovah uncovereth the eyes of Balaam and he seeeth the messenger of Jehovah standing in the way and his drawn sword in his hand and he boweth and doth obeisance to his face;

Then the Lord opened the eyes of Balaam .... Who either was struck with blindness as the men of Sodom were so some think or rather his eyes were held that he could not see the angel; he could see other objects as his ass but he could not see that; as Elisha's servant could see the host that compassed the city but not the chariots and horses of fire about Elisha till his eyes were opened 2 Kings 6:15 and so it was with Balaam until the Lord uncovered his eyes or rolled away the vail over them or took that off which by his power and providence hindered his sight:

and he saw the angel of the Lord standing in the way and his sword drawn in his hand; in the same position as in Numbers 22:23.

and he bowed down his head and fell flat on his face; from off his ass upon the ground in reverence of the illustrious object before him and through fear of being slain by his sword in his hand.

 

Numbers 22:32   32 And the Angel of the Lord said to him “Why have you struck your donkey these three times? Behold I have come out to stand against you because your way is perverse before Me.

   YLT  32and the messenger of Jehovah saith unto him `Wherefore hast thou smitten thine ass these three times? lo I -- I have come out for an adversary for [thy] way hath been perverse before me

And the angel of the Lord said unto him .... When risen up and standing before him:

wherefore hast thou smitten thine ass these three times? the brute creatures are not to be beaten without cause nor to be misused and abused by men even their owners:

behold I went out to withstand thee; the ass was not to be blamed nor to be beaten for turning aside or lying down it was I that stood in the way and hindered its going forward and this was done by me on purpose to oppose and stop thee:

because thy way is perverse before me; the journey he took was not with his good liking and approbation and especially seeing he went with an intention if possible to serve Balak and curse Israel; the way of his heart was bad which the Lord knew; it was not directed according to his will but swerved from it; the Targum of Jonathan is "it is manifest before me that thou seekest to go and curse the people and the thing is not agreeable to me.'

 

Numbers 22:33   33 The donkey saw Me and turned aside from Me these three times. If she had not turned aside from Me surely I would also have killed you by now and let her live.”

   YLT  33and the ass seeth me and turneth aside at my presence these three times; unless she had turned aside from my presence surely now also thee I had slain and her kept alive.'

And the ass saw me and turned from me these three times .... The ass saw the angel when Balaam did not and that was the reason of its turning aside; and it was well for him it did and therefore he should not have smote it:

unless she had turned from me; if she had pushed on endeavouring to make her way:

surely now also I had slain thee and saved her alive; had certainly and only slain him and not the ass; and from hence the Jewish writersF20Bemidbar Rabba sect. 20. fol. 227. 4. Aben Ezra in loc. gather that the ass was now slain lest it should be said this is the ass that spoke and so be made an idol of.

 

Numbers 22:34   34 And Balaam said to the Angel of the Lord “I have sinned for I did not know You stood in the way against me. Now therefore if it displeases You I will turn back.”

   YLT  34And Balaam saith unto the messenger of Jehovah `I have sinned for I did not know that thou [art] standing to meet me in the way; and now if evil in thine eyes -- I turn back by myself.'

And Balaam said unto the angel of the Lord I have sinned .... That is in beating the ass; not that he was sensible of his sin of covetousness and of the evil disposition of his mind and of his wicked intention in going along with the princes to curse Israel if possible and get Balak's presents and preferments:

for I knew not that thou stoodest in the way against me; signifying that if he had known it he should not have smitten the ass but submitted himself to the will of the angel:

now therefore if it displease thee I will get me back again; which he spoke very coldly and faintly not caring heartily to go back unless forced to it; for seeing a drawn sword in his hand he might be afraid of his life should he persist in his journey and therefore feigns a readiness to go back quitting it on condition that his going forwards was displeasing; whereas he knew it was especially his going with an evil mind to hurt Israel if possible.

 

Numbers 22:35   35 Then the Angel of the Lord said to Balaam “Go with the men but only the word that I speak to you that you shall speak.” So Balaam went with the princes of Balak.

   YLT  35And the messenger of Jehovah saith unto Balaam `Go with the men; and only the word which I speak unto thee -- it thou dost speak;' and Balaam goeth with the princes of Balak.

And the angel of the Lord said unto Balaam go with the men .... Which was not a command but a concession or rather a permission leaving him to go if he would suffering him to follow his own heart's lusts and giving him up to them to his own destruction; and besides it was not his going barely that was displeasing to God but his going with such a bad intention:

but only the word that I shall speak unto thee that thou shalt speak; which expresses not only what he ought to do but what he should be obliged to do even to bless the people against his will when his mind was to curse them it being for his worldly interest; and therefore it is suggested he had better not go at all since he never would be able to carry his point yea would be brought to shame and confusion before Balak and his nobles: the angel speaking in the same language as God did before to Balaam Numbers 22:20 shows that not a created angel but a divine Person is here meant:

so Balaam went with the princes of Balak; whom after this he quickly overtook or they him or they met together at some appointed place and proceeded on in their journey.

 

Numbers 22:36   36 Now when Balak heard that Balaam was coming he went out to meet him at the city of Moab which is on the border at the Arnon the boundary of the territory.

   YLT  36And Balak heareth that Balaam hath come and goeth out to meet him unto a city of Moab which [is] on the border of Arnon which [is] in the extremity of the border;

And when Balak heard that Balaam was come .... Messengers being sent to acquaint him with it either by Balaam or by the princes:

he went out to meet him; overjoyed at the news that his princes had succeeded and to show him respect and do him honour and all to encourage him to do his utmost for him:

unto a city of Moab which is in the border of Arnon which is in the utmost coast; by the situation of it being on the border of the river Arnon which river was in the extreme parts of Moab and divided between the Moabites and Amorites it is generally thought to be the city Ar called "Ar of Moab" see Numbers 21:13 and the king coming to meet Balaam so far as the uttermost border of his dominions showed the greater respect to him.

 

Numbers 22:37   37 Then Balak said to Balaam “Did I not earnestly send to you calling for you? Why did you not come to me? Am I not able to honor you?”

   YLT  37and Balak saith unto Balaam `Did I not diligently sent unto thee to call for thee? why didst thou not come unto me? am I not truly able to honour thee?'

And Balak said unto Balaam .... Upon their meeting together:

did I not earnestly send unto thee to call thee? or "in sending send"F21שלח שלחתי "mittendo misi" Pagninus Montanus. ; the first messengers in a very pressing manner with great importunity to give thee an invitation to come to me and those men of rank and quality with rewards of divination in their hands and yet the invitation was rejected; and after them other messengers more in number and greater in dignity with larger offers and promises; and now indeed thou art come but with much ado what is the meaning of all this?

wherefore camest thou not unto me? at first without showing so much indifference and reluctance and which obliged me to send another message to thee:

am I not able to promote thee to honour? to give thee wealth and riches and put thee into high places of honour and profit? hadst thou any doubt in thy mind about it either concerning my ability or will to do it?

 

Numbers 22:38   38 And Balaam said to Balak “Look I have come to you! Now have I any power at all to say anything? The word that God puts in my mouth that I must speak.”

   YLT  38And Balaam saith unto Balak `Lo I have come unto thee; now -- am I at all able to speak anything? the word which God setteth in my mouth -- it I do speak.'

And Balaam said unto Balak lo I am come unto thee .... And therefore let nothing more be said of what is past: and as for future things:

have I now any power at all to say anything? that would be agreeable to the king and answer his purpose in sending for him namely to curse the people of Israel; he suggests that he had not he was under the powerful restraint of God; he could not say what he himself was inclined to say and what the king would have him say and he expected he should; he could not say as some in Psalm 12:4 the word

that God putteth in my mouth that shall I speak; whether agreeable to Balak's will and design or not and whether for or against Israel: however it being expressed in such indefinite terms might leave room for Balak to hope it might answer his expectations and wishes.

 

Numbers 22:39   39 So Balaam went with Balak and they came to Kirjath Huzoth.

   YLT  39And Balaam goeth with Balak and they come to Kirjath-Huzoth

And Balaam went with Balak .... From Ar of Moab or however from the place where they met to the royal city where Balak had his palace and seems to be the place following:

and they came to Kirjathhuzoth; which Jarchi interprets a city full of streets a populous place having a multitude of men women and children in the streets of it; and the same writer suggests as if Balak's view in this was to move the pity of Balaam that such a number of people might not be rooted out and destroyed.

 

Numbers 22:40   40 Then Balak offered oxen and sheep and he sent some to Balaam and to the princes who were with him.

   YLT  40and Balak sacrificeth oxen and sheep and sendeth to Balaam and to the princes who [are] with him;

And Balak offered oxen and sheep .... Or "slew"F23ויזבח "cuinque occidisset" V. L. them either for sacrifice; and if so Balak was the sacrificer as it was common for kings to be priests; and then Balaam who was sent for was the prophet that was to observe and explain any omen at the time of sacrificing as Calchas did when the chiefs of Greece sacrificedF24Homer. Iliad. 1. : or rather for a feast as the following words seem to show; though it might be for both it being usual when sacrifices were offered to idols to eat part of them in a festival way in imitation of the peace offerings of the Jews see Numbers 25:2

and sent to Balaam and to the princes that were with him; either part of it to them or he sent for them to come and partake of the feast he and the princes of Moab and Midian that had been to fetch him and still attended him; and this the king did in a way of rejoicing being glad that Balaam was come and as expressing his well pleasedness with the conduct of the princes and their success as well as to keep Balaam in high spirits hoping to have his end answered by him.

 

Numbers 22:41   41 So it was the next day that Balak took Balaam and brought him up to the high places of Baal that from there he might observe the extent of the people.

   YLT  41and it cometh to pass in the morning that Balak taketh Balaam and causeth him to go up the high places of Baal and he seeth from thence the extremity of the people.

And it came to pass on the morrow .... The day after the arrival of Balaam at Balak's royal seat and after the entertainment given him and the princes "on the morning"F25בבקר in matutino Montanus; mane V. L. Junius & Tremellius Piscator. of that day as the word signifies; and perhaps early in the morning the king eager to be about business and get the people of Israel cursed if possible as soon as could be:

that Balak took Balaam and brought him up into the high places of Baal; where groves were planted and altars erected to that "idol" and which the Targum of Jonathan calls the idol Peor the same with Baalpeor Numbers 25:3 which might be their god Chemosh the same with Bacchus or Priapus:

that thence he might see the utmost part of the people; the whole host of Israel even to the extreme part of it; the camp of Dan as the Targum of Jonathan which brought up the rear; he had him to those high places both that he might have a better view of the whole body of the people and know how they lay and to direct his curses at them and that success might attend the undertaking these being places of religious worship. Josephus saysF26Antiqu. l. 4. c. 6. sect. 4. those high places were sixty furlongs or seven and one half miles from the camp of Israel.

 

──John Gill’s Exposition of the Bible

 

New King James Version (NKJV)

Footnotes:

  1. Numbers 22:5 That is the Euphrates
  2. Numbers 22:5 Or the people of Amau