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Psalm Eleven                            

 

Psalm 11

Chapter Contents

David's struggle with and triumph over a strong temptation to distrust God and betake himself to indirect means for his own safety in a time of danger.

Those that truly fear God and serve him are welcome to put their trust in him. The psalmist before he gives an account of his temptation to distrust God records his resolution to trust in Him as that by which he was resolved to live and die. The believer though not terrified by his enemies may be tempted by the fears of his friends to desert his post or neglect his work. They perceive his danger but not his security; they give him counsel that savours of worldly policy rather than of heavenly wisdom. The principles of religion are the foundations on which the faith and hope of the righteous are built. We are concerned to hold these fast against all temptations to unbelief; for believers would be undone if they had not God to go to God to trust in and future bliss to hope for. The prosperity of wicked people in their wicked evil ways and the straits and distresses which the best men are sometimes brought into tried David's faith. We need not say Who shall go up to heaven to fetch us thence a God to trust in? The word is nigh us and God in the word; his Spirit is in his saints those living temples and the Lord is that Spirit. This God governs the world. We may know what men seem to be but God knows what they are as the refiner knows the value of gold when he has tried it. God is said to try with his eyes because he cannot err or be imposed upon. If he afflicts good people it is for their trial therefore for their good. However persecutors and oppressors may prosper awhile they will for ever perish. God is a holy God and therefore hates them. He is a righteous Judge and will therefore punish them. In what a horrible tempest are the wicked hurried away at death! Every man has the portion of his cup assigned him. Impenitent sinner mark your doom! The last call to repentance is about to be addressed to you judgement is at hand; through the gloomy shade of death you pass into the region of eternal wrath. Hasten then O sinner to the cross of Christ. How stands the case between God and our souls? Is Christ our hope our consolation our security? Then not otherwise will the soul be carried through all its difficulties and conflicts.

── Matthew HenryConcise Commentary on Psalms

 

Psalm 11

Verse 1

[1] In the LORD put I my trust: how say ye to my soul Flee as a bird to your mountain?

Ye — Mine enemies.

Verse 2

[2] For lo the wicked bend their bow they make ready their arrow upon the string that they may privily shoot at the upright in heart.

For lo — David having directed his speech to his enemies now turns it to God and pours out before him his complaints.

Ready — They lay designs for my destruction and make all things ready to execute them.

Verse 3

[3] If the foundations be destroyed what can the righteous do?

Foundations — Piety justice fidelity and mercy which are the pillars or foundations of a state or kingdom.

What — The condition of all righteous men will be desperate.

Verse 4

[4] The LORD is in his holy temple the LORD's throne is in heaven: his eyes behold his eyelids try the children of men.

Temple — In heaven; which is mentioned as an evidence of his glorious majesty of his sovereign power and dominion over all men and things and of his accurate inspection into all men and their actions.

Throne — Where he sits to examine all causes and to give righteous sentence according to every man's works.

Try — He throughly discerns all men their most inward and secret actions: and therefore he sees and will reward my innocency notwithstanding all the calumnies of mine enemies; and withal he sees all their secret designs and will discover and defeat them.

Verse 5

[5] The LORD trieth the righteous: but the wicked and him that loveth violence his soul hateth.

Trieth — He chastens even righteous persons yet still he loves them and therefore will in due time deliver them. But as for the wicked God hates them and will severely punish them.

Verse 6

[6] Upon the wicked he shall rain snares fire and brimstone and an horrible tempest: this shall be the portion of their cup.

Rain — Send them plentifully swiftly and suddenly as rain commonly falls from heaven.

Snares — Grievous plagues or judgments which are called snares because wicked men are often surprized with them when they least expect them. And because they cannot escape them or get out of them; but are held fast and destroyed by them.

Horrible tempests — Dreadful judgments so called in allusion to the destruction of Sodom by these means. But this he seems to speak not so much of present calamities as of eternal punishments.

This — Is their portion and as it were the meat and drink appointed them by God.

── John WesleyExplanatory Notes on Psalms

 

Psalm 11

Exposition
Explanatory Notes and Quaint Sayings
Hints to the Village Preacher


SUBJECT. Charles Simeon gives an excellent summary of this Psalm in the following sentences:—"The Psalms are a rich repository of experimental knowledge. David at the different periods of his life was placed in almost every situation in which a believer whether rich or poor can be placed; in these heavenly compositions he delineates all the workings of the heart. He introduces too the sentiments and conduct of the various persons who were accessory either to his troubles or his joys; and thus sets before us a compendium of all that is passing in the hearts of men throughout the world. When he penned this Psalm he was under persecution from Saul who sought his life and hunted him 'as a partridge upon the mountains.' His timid friends were alarmed for his safety and recommended him to flee to some mountain where he had a hiding-place and thus to conceal himself from the rage of Saul. But David being strong in faith spurned the idea of resorting to any such pusillanimous expedients and determined confidently to repose his trust in God."
    To assist us to remember this short but sweet Psalm we will give it the name of "THE SONG OF THE STEADFAST."

DIVISION. From 1 to 3 David describes the temptation with which he was assailed and from 4 to 7 the arguments by which his courage was sustained.


EXPOSITION

Verse 1. These verses contain an account of a temptation to distrust God with which David was upon some unmentioned occasion greatly exercised. It may be that in the days when he was in Saul's court he was advised to flee at a time when this flight would have been charged against him as a breach of duty to the king or a proof of personal cowardice. His case was like that of Nehemiah when his enemies under the garb of friendship hoped to entrap him by advising him to escape for his life. Had he done so they could then have found a ground of accusation. Nehemiah bravely replied "Shall such a man as I flee?" and David in a like spirit refuses to retreat exclaiming "In the Lord put I my trust: how say ye to my soul Flee as a bird to your mountain?" When Satan cannot overthrow us by presumption how craftily will he seek to ruin us by distrust! He will employ our dearest friends to argue us out of our confidence and he will use such plausible logic that unless we once for all assert our immovable trust in Jehovah he will make us like the timid bird which flies to the mountain whenever danger presents itself.

Verse 2. How forcibly the case is put! The bow is bent the arrow is fitted to the string: "Flee flee thou defenceless bird thy safety lies in flight; begone for thine enemies will send their shafts into thy heart; haste haste for soon wilt thou be destroyed!" David seems to have felt the force of the advice for it came home to his soul; but yet he would not yield but would rather dare the danger than exhibit a distrust in the Lord his God. Doubtless the perils which encompassed David were great and imminent; it was quite true that his enemies were ready to shoot privily at him.

Verse 3. It was equally correct that the very foundations of law and justice were destroyed under Saul's unrighteous government: but what were all these things to the man whose trust was in God alone? He could brave the dangers could escape the enemies and defy the injustice which surrounded him. His answer to the question "What can the righteous do?" would be the counter-question "What cannot they do?" When prayer engages God on our side and when faith secures the fulfillment of the promise what cause can there be for flight however cruel and mighty our enemies? With a sling and a stone David had smitten a giant before whom the whole hosts of Israel were trembling and the Lord who delivered him from the uncircumcised Philistine could surely deliver him from King Saul and his myrmidons. There is no such word as "impossibility" in the language of faith; that martial grace knows how to fight and conquer but she knows not how to flee.

Verse 4. David here declares the great source of his unflinching courage. He borrows his light from heaven—from the great central orb of deity. The God of the believer is never far from him; he is not merely the God of the mountain fastnesses but of the dangerous valleys and battle plains.
    "Jehovah is in his holy temple." The heavens are above our heads in all regions of the earth and so is the Lord ever near to us in every state and condition. This is a very strong reason why we should not adopt the vile suggestions of distrust. There is one who pleads his precious blood in our behalf in the temple above and there is one upon the throne who is never deaf to the intercession of his Son. Why then should we fear? What plots can men devise which Jesus will not discover? Satan has doubtless desired to have us that he may sift us as wheat but Jesus is in the temple praying for us and how can our faith fail? What attempts can the wicked make which Jehovah shall not behold? And since he is in his holy temple delighting in the sacrifice of his Son will he not defeat every device and send us a sure deliverance?
    "Jehovah's throne is in the heavens;" he reigns supreme. Nothing can be done in heaven or earth or hell which he doth not ordain and over-rule. He is the world's great Emperor. Wherefore then should we flee? If we trust this King of kings is not this enough? Cannot he deliver us without our cowardly retreat? Yes blessed be the Lord our God we can salute him as Jehovah-nissi; in his name we set up our banners and instead of flight we once more raise the shout of war.
    "His eyes behold." The eternal Watcher never slumbers; his eyes never know a sleep. "His eyelids try the children of men:" he narrowly inspects their actions words and thoughts. As men when intently and narrowly inspecting some very minute object almost close their eyelids to exclude every other object so will the Lord look all men through and through. God sees each man as much and as perfectly as if there were no other creature in the universe. He sees us always; he never removes his eye from us; he sees us entirely reading the recesses of the soul as readily as the glancings of the eye. Is not this a sufficient ground of confidence and an abundant answer to the solicitations of despondency? My danger is not hid from him; he knows my extremity and I may rest assured that he will not suffer me to perish while I rely alone on him. Wherefore then should I take wings of a timid bird and flee from the dangers which beset me?

Verse 5. "The Lord trieth the righteous:" he doth not hate them but only tries them. They are precious to him and therefore he refines them with afflictions. None of the Lord's children may hope to escape from trial nor indeed in our right minds would any of us desire to do so for trial is the channel of many blessings.

"Tis my happiness below
Not to live without the cross;
But the Saviour's power to know
Sanctifying every loss.

* * * * * * * *

Trials make the promise sweet;
Trials give new life to prayer;
Trials bring me to his feet—
Lay me low and keep me there.

Did I meet no trials here—
No chastisement by the way—
Might I not with reason fear
I should prove a cast-away?

Bastards may escape the rod
Sunk in earthly vain delight;
But the true-born child of God
Must not—would not if he might."

William Cowper.

Is not this a very cogent reason why we should not distrustfully endeavour to shun a trial?—for in so doing we are seeking to avoid a blessing.

Verse 6. "But the wicked and him that loveth violence his soul hateth:" why then shall I flee from these wicked men? If God hateth them I will not fear them. Haman was very great in the palace until he lost favour but when the king abhorred him how bold were the meanest attendants to suggest the gallows for the man at whom they had often trembled! Look at the black mark upon the faces of our persecutors and we shall not run away from them. If God is in the quarrel as well as ourselves it would be foolish to question the result or avoid the conflict. Sodom and Gomorrah perished by a fiery hail and by a brimstone shower from heaven; so shall all the ungodly. They may gather together like Gog and Magog to battle but the Lord will rain upon them "an overflowing rain and great hailstones fire and brimstone:" Ezekiel 38:22. Some expositors think that in the term "horrible tempest " there is in the Hebrew an allusion to that burning suffocating wind which blows across the Arabian deserts and is known by the name of Simoom. "A burning storm " Lowth calls it while another great commentator reads it "wrathwind;" in either version the language is full of terrors. What a tempest will that be which shall overwhelm the despisers of God! Oh! what a shower will that be which shall pour out itself for ever upon the defenceless heads of impenitent sinners in hell! Repent ye rebels or this fiery deluge shall soon surround you. Hell's horrors shall be your inheritance your entailed estate "the portion of your cup." The dregs of that cup you shall wring out and drink for ever. A drop of hell is terrible but what must a full cup of torment be? Think of it—a cup of misery but not a drop of mercy. O people of God how foolish is it to fear the faces of men who shall soon be faggots in the fire of hell! Think of their end their fearful end and all fear of them must be changed into contempt of their threatenings and pity for their miserable estate.

Verse 7. The delightful contrast of the last verse is well worthy of our observation and it affords another overwhelming reason why we should be stedfast unmoveable not carried away with fear or led to adopt carnal expedients in order to avoid trial. "For the righteous Lord loveth righteousness." It is not only his office to defend it but his nature to love it. He would deny himself if he did not defend the just. It is essential to the very being of God that he should be just; fear not then the end of all your trials but "be just and fear not." God approves and if men oppose what matters it? "His countenance doth behold the upright." We need never be out of countenance for God countenances us. He observes he approves he delights in the upright. He sees his own image in them an image of his own fashioning and therefore with complacency he regards them. Shall we dare to put forth our hand unto iniquity in order to escape affliction? Let us have done with by-ways and short turnings and let us keep to that fair path of right along which Jehovah's smile shall light us. Are we tempted to put our light under a bushel to conceal our religion from our neighbours? Is it suggested to us that there are ways of avoiding the cross and shunning the reproach of Christ? Let us not hearken to the voice of the charmer but seek an increase of faith that we may wrestle with principalities and powers and follow the Lord fully going without the camp bearing his reproach. Mammon the flesh the devil will all whisper in our ear "Flee as a bird to your mountain;" but let us come forth and defy them all. "Resist the devil and he will flee from you." There is no room or reason for retreat. Advance! Let the vanguard push on! To the front! all ye powers and passions of our soul. On! on! in God's name on! for "the Lord of hosts is with us; the God of Jacob is our refuge."


EXPLANATORY NOTES AND QUAINT SAYINGS

Whole Psalm. The most probable account of the occasion of this Psalm is that given by Amyraldus. He thinks it was composed by David while he was in the court of Saul at a time when the hostility of the king was beginning to show itself and before it had broken out into open persecution. David's friends or those professing to be so advised him to flee to his native mountains for a time and remain in retirement till the king should show himself more favourable. David does not at that time accept the counsel though afterwards he seems to have followed it. This Psalm applies itself to the establishment of the church against the calumnies of the world and the compromising counsel of man in that confidence which is to be placed in God the Judge of all. W. Wilson D.D. in loc. 1860.

Whole Psalm. If one may offer to make a modest conjecture it is not improbable this Psalm might be composed on the sad murder of the priests by Saul (1 Samuel 22:19) when after the slaughter of Abimelech the high priest Doeg the Edomite by command from Saul "slew in one day fourscore and five persons which wore a linen ephod." I am not so carnal as to build the spiritual church of the Jews on the material walls of the priests' city at Nob (which then by Doeg was smitten with the edge of the sword) but this is most true that "knowledge must preserve the people;" and (Malachi 2:7) "The priests' lips shall preserve knowledge;" and then it is easy to conclude what an earthquake this massacre might make in the foundations of religion. Thomas Fuller.

Whole Psalm. Notice how remarkably the whole Psalm corresponds with the deliverance of Lot from Sodom. This verse with the angel's exhortation "Escape to the mountains lest thou be consumed " and Lot's reply "I cannot escape to the mountains lest some evil take me and I die." Genesis 19:17-19. And again "The Lord's seat is in heaven and upon the ungodly he shall rain snares fire brimstone storm and tempest " with "Then the Lord rained upon Sodom and Gomorrah brimstone and fire out of heaven:" and again "His countenance will behold the thing that is just " with "Delivered just Lot . . . for that righteous man vexed his righteous soul with their ungodly deeds." 2 Peter 2: 7 8. Cassidorus (A.D. 560) in John Mason Neal's "Commentary on the Psalms from Primitive and Mediaeval Writers " 1860.

Whole Psalm. The combatants at the Lake Thrasymene are said to have been so engrossed with the conflict that neither party perceived the convulsions of nature that shook the ground—

"An earthquake reeled unheedingly away
None felt stern nature rocking at his feet."

From a nobler cause it is thus with the soldiers of the Lamb. They believe and therefore make no haste; nay they can scarcely be said to feel earth's convulsions as other men because their eager hope presses forward to the issue at the advent of the Lord. Andrew A. Bonar.

Verse 1. "I trust in the Lord: how do ye say to my soul Swerve on to your mountain like a bird?" (others "O thou bird.") Saul and his adherents mocked and jeered David with such taunting speeches as conceiving that he knew no other shift or refuge but so betaking himself unto wandering and lurking on the mountains; hopping as it were from one place to another like a silly bird; but they thought to ensnare and take him well enough for all that not considering God who was David's comfort rest and refuge. Theodore Haak's "Translation of the Dutch Annotations as ordered by the Synod of Dort in 1618." London 1657.

Verse 1. "With Jehovah I have taken shelter; how say ye to my soul Flee sparrows to your hill?" "Your hill " that hill from which you say your help cometh: a sneer. Repair to that boasted hill which may indeed give you the help which it gives the sparrow: a shelter against the inclemencies of a stormy sky no defence against our power. Samuel Horsley in loc.

Verse 1. "In the Lord put I my trust: how say ye to my soul Flee as a bird to your mountain?" The holy confidence of the saints in the hour of great trial is beautifully illustrated by the following ballad which Anne Askew who was burned at Smithfield in 1546 made and sang when she was in Newgate:—

Like as the armed knight
Appointed to the field
With this world will I fight
And Christ shall be my shield.

Faith is that weapon strong
Which will not fail at need:
My foes therefore among
Therewith will I proceed.

As it is had in strength
And force of Christe's way
It will prevail at length
Though all the devils say nay.

Faith in the fathers old
Obtained righteousness;
Which makes me very bold
To fear no world's distress.

I now rejoice in heart
And hope bids me do so;
For Christ will take my part
And ease me of my woe.

Thou say'st Lord whoso knock
To them wilt thou attend:
Undo therefore the lock
And thy strong power send.

More enemies now I have
Than hairs upon my head:
Let them not me deprave
But fight thou in my stead.

On thee my care I cast
For all their cruel spite:
I set not by their haste;
For thou art my delight.

I am not she that list
My anchor to let fall
For every drizzling mist
My ship substantial.

Not oft use I to write
In prose nor yet in rhyme;
Yet will I shew one sight
That I saw in my time.

I saw a royal throne
Where justice should have sit
But in her stead was one
Of moody cruel wit.

Absorbed was righteousness
As of the raging flood:
Satan in his excess
Sucked up the guiltless blood.

Then thought I Jesus Lord
When thou shall judge us all
Hard it is to record
On these men what will fall.

Yet Lord I thee desire
For that they do to me
Let them not taste the hire
Of their iniquity.

Verse 1. "How say ye to my soul Flee as a bird to your mountain?" We may observe that David is much pleased with the metaphor in frequently comparing himself to a bird and that of several sorts: first to an eagle (Psalm 103:5) "My youth is renewed like the eagle's;" sometimes to an owl (Psalm 102:6) "I am like an owl in the desert;" sometimes to a pelican in the same verse "Like a pelican in the wilderness;" sometimes to a sparrow (Psalm 102:7) "I watch and am as a sparrow;" sometimes to a partridge "As when one doth hunt a partridge." I cannot say that he doth compare himself to a dove but he would compare himself (Psalm 55:6) "O that I had the wings of a dove for then I would flee away and be at rest." Some will say How is it possible that birds of so different a feather should all so fly together as to meet in the character of David? To whom we answer That no two men can more differ one from another that the same servant of God at several times differeth from himself. David in prosperity when commanding was like an eagle; in adversity when contemned like an owl; in devotion when retired like a pelican; in solitariness when having no company (of Saul) like a partridge. This general metaphor of a bird which David so often used on himself his enemies in the first verse of this Psalm used on him though not particularising the kind thereof: "Flee as a bird to your mountain;" that is speedily betake thyself to thy God in whom thou hopest for succour and security.
    Seeing this counsel was both good in itself and good at this time why doth David seem so angry and displeased thereat? Those his words "Why say you to my soul Flee as a bird to your mountain?" import some passion at leastwise a disgust of the advice. It is answered David was not offended with the counsel but with the manner of the propounding thereof. His enemies did it ironically in a gibing jeering way as if his flying thither were to no purpose and he unlikely to find there the safety he sought for. However David was not hereby put out of conceit with the counsel beginning this Psalm with this his firm resolution "In the Lord put I my trust: how say ye then to my soul " etc. Learn we from hence when men give us good counsel in a jeering way let us take the counsel and practice it; and leave them the jeer to be punished for it. Indeed corporal cordials may be envenomed by being wrapped up in poisoned papers; not so good spiritual advice where the good matter receives no infection from the ill manner of the delivery thereof. Thus when the chief priests mocked our Saviour (Matthew 27:43) "He trusted in God let him deliver him now if he will have him." Christ trusted in God never a whit the less for the fleere and flout which their profaneness was pleased to bestow upon him. Otherwise if men's mocks should make us to undervalue good counsel we might in this age be mocked out of our God and Christ and Scripture and heaven; the apostle Jude verse 18 having foretold that in the last times there should be mockers walking after their own lusts. Thomas Fuller.

Verse 1. It is as great an offence to make a new as to deny the true God. "In the Lord put I my trust;" how then "say ye unto my soul" (ye seducers of souls) "that she should fly unto the mountains as a bird;" to seek unnecessary and foreign helps as if the Lord alone were not sufficient? "The Lord is my rock and my fortress and he that delivereth me my God and my strength; in him will I trust: my shield the horn of my salvation and my refuge. I will call upon the Lord who is worthy to be praised so shall I be safe from mine enemies." "Whom have I in heaven but thee " amongst those thousands of angels and saints what Michael or Gabriel what Moses or Samuel what Peter what Paul? "and there is none in earth that I desire in comparison of thee." John King 1608.

Verse 1. In temptations of inward trouble and terror it is not convenient to dispute the matter with Satan. David in Psalm 42:11 seems to correct himself for his mistake; his soul was cast down within him and for the cure of that temptation he had prepared himself by arguments for a dispute; but perceiving himself in a wrong course he calls off his soul from disquiet to an immediate application to God and the promises "Trust still in God for I shall yet praise him;" but here he is more aforehand with his work; for while his enemies were acted by Satan to discourage him he rejects the temptation at first before it settled upon his thoughts and chaseth it away as a thing that he would not give ear to. "In the Lord put I my trust: how say ye to my soul Flee as a bird to your mountain?" And there are weighty reasons that should dissuade us from entering the lists with Satan in temptation of inward trouble. Richard Gilpin.

Verse 1. The shadow will not cool except in it. What good to have the shadow though of a mighty rock when we sit in the open sun? To have almighty power engaged for us and we to throw ourselves out of it by bold sallies in the mouth of temptation! The saints' falls have been when they have run out of their trench and stronghold; for like the conies they are a weak people in themselves and their strength lies in the rock of God's almightiness which is their habitation. William Gurnall.

Verse 1. The saints of old would not accept deliverances on base terms. They scorned to fly away for the enjoyment of rest except it were with the wings of a dove covered with silver innocence. As willing were many of the martyrs to die as to dine. The tormentors were tired in torturing Blandina. "We are ashamed O Emperor! The Christians laugh at your cruelty and grow the more resolute " said one of Julian's nobles. This the heathen counted obstinacy; but they knew not the power of the Spirit nor the secret armour of proof which saints wear about their hearts. John Trapp.

Verse 2. "For lo the wicked bend their bow " etc. This verse presents an unequal combat betwixt armed power advantaged with policy on the one side; and naked innocence on the other. First armed power: "They bend their bows and make ready their arrows " being all the artillery of that age; secondly advantaged with policy: "that they may privily shoot " to surprise them with an ambush unawares probably pretending amity and friendship unto them; thirdly naked innocence: if innocence may be termed naked which is its own armour; "at the upright in heart." Thomas Fuller.

Verse 2. "For lo the ungodly bend their bow and make ready their arrows within the quiver: that they may privily shoot at them which are true of heart." The plottings of the chief priests and Pharisees that they might take Jesus by subtlety and kill him. They bent their bow when they hired Judas Iscariot for the betrayal of his Master; they made ready their arrows within the quiver when they sought "false witnesses against Jesus to put him to death." Matthew 26:59. "Them which are true of heart." Not alone the Lord himself the only true and righteous but his apostles and the long line of those who should faithfully cleave to him from that time to this. And as with the Master so with the servants: witness the calumnies and the revilings that from the time of Joseph's accusation by his mistress till the present day have been the lot of God's people. Michael Ayguan 1416 in J. M. Neale's Commentary.

Verse 2. "That they may secretly shoot at them which are upright in heart." They bear not their bows and arrows as scarecrows in a garden of cucumbers to fray but to shoot not at stakes but men; their arrows are jacula mortifera (Psalm 7) deadly arrows and lest they should fail to hit they take advantage of the dark of privacy and secrecy; they shoot privily. Now this is the covenant of hell itself. For what created power in the earth is able to dissolve that work which cruelty and subtlety like Simeon and Levi brothers in evil are combined and confederate to bring to pass? Where subtlety is ingenious insidious to invent cruelty barbarous to execute subtlety giveth counsel cruelty giveth the stroke. Subtlety ordereth the time the place the means accomodateth concinnateth circumstances; cruelty undertaketh the act: subtlety hideth the knife cruelty cutteth the throat: subtlety with a cunning head layeth the ambush plotteth the train the stratagem; and cruelty with as savage a heart sticketh not at the dreadfullest direfullest objects ready to wade up to the ankles the neck in a whole red sea of human yea country blood: how fearful is their plight that are thus assaulted! John King.

Verse 3. "If the foundations be destroyed what can the righteous do?" But now we are met with a giant objection which with Goliath must be removed or else it will obstruct our present proceedings. Is it possible that the foundations of religion should be destroyed? Can God be in so long a sleep yea so long a lethargy as patiently to permit the ruins thereof? If he looks on and yet doth not see these foundations when destroyed where then is his omnisciency? If he seeth it and cannot help it where then is his omnipotency? If he seeth it can help it and will not where then is his goodness and mercy? Martha said to Jesus (John 11:21) "Lord if thou hadst been here my brother had not died." But many will say Were God effectually present in the world with his aforesaid attributes surely the foundations had not died had not been destroyed. We answer negatively that it is impossible that the foundations of religion should ever be totally and finally destroyed either in relation to the church in general or in reference to every true and lively member thereof. For the first we have an express promise of Christ. Matthew 16:18. "The gates of hell shall not prevail against it." Fundamenta tamen stant inconcussa Sionis. And as for every particular Christian (2 Timothy 2:19) "Nevertheless the foundation of God standeth sure having this seal the Lord knoweth them that are his." However though for the reasons aforementioned in the objections (the inconsistency thereof with the attributes of God's omnipotency omnisciency and goodness) the foundations can never totally and finally yet may they partially be destroyed quoad gradum in a fourfold degree as followeth. First in the desires and utmost endeavours of wicked men

They bring their—

1. Hoc velle
2. Hoc agere
3. Totum posse.

If they destroy not the foundations it is no thanks to them seeing all the world will bear them witness they have done their best (that is their worst) what their might and malice could perform. Secondly in their own vainglorious imaginations: they may not only vainly boast but also verily believe that they have destroyed the foundations. Applicable to this purpose is that high rant of the Roman emperor (Luke 2:1): "And it came to pass in those days that there went out a decree from Caesar Augustus that all the world should be taxed." All the world! whereas he had though much not all in Europe little in Asia less in Africa none in America which was so far from being conquered it was not so much as known to the Romans. But hyperbole is not a figure but the ordinary language of pride; because indeed Augustus had very much he proclaimeth himself to have all the world. . . . Thirdly the foundations may be destroyed as to all outward visible illustrious apparition. The church in persecution is like unto a ship in a tempest; down go all their masts yea sometimes for the more speed they are forced to cut them down: not a piece of canvas to play with the winds no sails to be seen; they lie close knotted to the very keel that the tempest may have the less power upon them though when the storm is over they can hoist up their sails as high and spread their canvas as broad as ever before. So the church in the time of persecution feared but especially felt loseth all gayness and gallantry which may attract and allure the eyes of beholders and contenteth itself with its own secrecy. In a word on the work-days of affliction she weareth her worst clothes whilst her best are laid up in her wardrobe in sure and certain hope that God will give her a holy and happy day when with joy she shall wear her best garments. Lastly they may be destroyed in the jealous apprehensions of the best saints and servants of God especially in their melancholy fits. I will instance in no puny but in a star of the first magnitude and greatest eminency even Elijah himself complaining (1 Kings 19:10): "And I even I only am left; and they seek my life to take it away." Thomas Fuller.

Verse 3. "If." It is the only word of comfort in the text that what is said is not positive but suppositive; not thetical but hypothetical. And yet this comfort which is but a spark (at which we would willingly kindle our hopes) is quickly sadded with a double consideration. First impossible suppositions produce impossible consequences "As is the mother so is the daughter." Therefore surely God's Holy Spirit would not suppose such a thing but what was feasible and possible but what either had did or might come to pass. Secondly the Hebrew word is not the conditional im si si forte but chi quia quoniam because and (although here it be favourably rendered if) seemeth to import more therein that the sad case had already happened in David's days. I see therefore that this if our only hope in the text is likely to prove with Job's friends but a miserable comforter. Well it is good to know the worst of things that we may provide ourselves accordingly; and therefore let us behold this doleful case not as doubtful but as done; not as feared but felt; not as suspected but at this time really come to pass. Thomas Fuller.

Verse 3. "If the foundations " etc. My text is an answer to a tacit objection which some may raise; namely that the righteous are wanting to themselves and by their own easiness and inactivity (not daring and doing so much as they might and ought) betray themselves to that bad condition. In whose defence David shows that if God in his wise will and pleasure seeth it fitting for reasons best known to himself to suffer religion to be reduced to terms of extremity it is not placed in the power of the best man alive to remedy and redress the same. "If the foundations be destroyed what can the righteous do?" My text is hung about with mourning as for a funeral sermon and contains: First a sad case supposed "If the foundations be destroyed." Secondly a sad question propounded "What can the righteous do?" Thirdly a sad answer implied namely that they can do just nothing as to that point of re-establishing the destroyed foundation. Thomas Fuller.

Verse 3. "If the foundations be destroyed " etc. The civil foundation of a nation or people is their laws and constitutions. The order and power that's among them that's the foundation of a people; and when once this foundation is destroyed "What can the righteous do?" What can the best the wisest in the world do in such a case? What can any man do if there be not a foundation of government left among men? There is no help nor answer in such a case but that which follows in the fourth verse of the Psalm "The Lord is in his holy temple the Lord's throne is in heaven: his eyes behold his eyelids try the children of men;" as if he had said in the midst of these confusions when as it is said (Psalm 82:5) "All the foundations of the earth are out of course;" yet God keeps his course still he is where he was and as he was without variableness or shadow of turning. Joseph Caryl.

Verse 3. "The righteous." The righteous indefinitely equivalent to the righteous universally; not only the righteous as a single arrow but in the whole sheaf; not only the righteous in their personal but in their diffusive capacity. Were they all collected into one body were all the righteous living in the same age wherein the foundations are destroyed summoned up and modelled into one corporation all their joint endeavours would prove ineffectual to the re-establishing of the fallen foundations as not being man's work but only God's work to perform. Thomas Fuller.

Verse 3. "The foundations." Positions the things formerly fixed placed and settled. It is not said if the roof be ruinous or if the side walls be shattered but if the foundations.

Verse 3. "Foundations be destroyed." In the plural. Here I will not warrant my skill in architecture but conceive this may pass for an undoubted truth: it is possible that a building settled on several entire foundations (suppose them pillars) close one to another if one of them fall yet the structure may still stand or rather hang (at the least for a short time) by virtue of the complicative which it receiveth from such foundations which still stand secure. But in case there be a total rout and an utter ruin of all the foundations none can fancy to themselves a possibility of that building's subsistence. Thomas Fuller.

Verse 3. "What CAN the righteous?" The can of the righteous is a limited can confined to the rule of God's word; they can do nothing but what they can lawfully do. 2 Corinthians 13:8. "For we can do nothing against the truth but for the truth:" Illud possumus quod jure possumus. Wicked men can do anything; their conscience which is so wide that it is none at all will bear them out to act anything how unlawful soever to stab poison massacre by any means at any time in any place whosoever standeth betwixt them and the effecting of their desires. Not so the righteous; they have a rule whereby to walk which they will not they must not they dare not cross. If therefore a righteous man were assured that by the breach of one of God's commandments he might restore decayed religion and re-settle it statu quo prius his hands head and heart are tied up he can do nothing because their damnation is just who say (Romans 3:8) "Let us do evil that good may come thereof."

Verse 3. "Do." It is not said What can they think? It is a great blessing which God hath allowed injured people that though otherwise oppressed and straitened they may freely enlarge themselves in their thoughts. Thomas Fuller.

Verse 3. Sinning times have ever been the saints' praying times: this sent Ezra with a heavy heart to confess the sin of his people and to bewail their abominations before the Lord. Ezra 9. And Jeremiah tells the wicked of his degenerate age that "his soul should weep in secret places for their pride." Jeremiah 13:17. Indeed sometimes sin comes to such a height that this is almost all the godly can do to get into a corner and bewail the general pollutions of the age. "If the foundations be destroyed what can the righteous do?" Such dismal days of national confusion our eyes have seen when foundations of government were destroyed and all hurled into military confusion. When it is thus with a people "What can the righteous do?" Yes this they may and should do "fast and pray." There is yet a God in heaven to be sought to when a people's deliverance is thrown beyond the help of human policy or power. Now is the fit time to make their appeal to God as the words following hint: "The Lord is in his holy temple the Lord's throne is in heaven;" in which words God is presented sitting in heaven as a temple for their encouragement I conceive in such a desperate state of affairs to direct their prayers thither for deliverance. And certainly this hath been the engine that hath been instrumental above any to restore this poor nation again and set it upon the foundation of that lawful government from which it had so dangerously departed. William Gurnall.

Verse 4. The infinite understanding of God doth exactly know the sins of men; he knows so as to consider. He doth not only know them but intently behold them: "His eyelids try the children of men " a metaphor taken from men that contract the eyelids when they would wistly and accurately behold a thing: it is not a transient and careless look. Stephen Charnock.

Verse 4. "His eyes behold " etc. God searcheth not as man searcheth by enquiring into that which before was hid from him; his searching is no more but his beholding; he seeth the heart he beholdeth the reins; God's very sight is searching. Hebrews 4:13. "All things are naked and opened unto his eyes " tetrachlidmena dissected or anatomised. He hath at once as exact a view of the most hidden things the very entrails of the soul as if they had been with never so great curiosity anatomised before him. Richard Alleine 1611-1681.

Verse 4. "His eyes behold " etc. Consider that God not only sees into all you do but he sees it to that very end that he may examine and search into it. He doth not only behold you with a common and indifferent look but with a searching watchful and inquisitive eye: he pries into the reasons the motives the ends of all your actions. "The Lord's throne is in heaven: his eyes behold his eyelids try the children of men." Revelation 1:14 where Christ is described it is said his eyes are as a flame of fire: you know the property of fire is to search and make trial of those things which are exposed unto it and to separate the dross from the pure metal: so God's eye is like fire to try and examine the actions of men: he knows and discerns how much your very purest duties have in them of mixture and base ends of formality hypocrisy distractedness and deadness: he sees through all your specious pretenses that which you cast as a mist before the eyes of men when yet thou art but a juggler in religion: all your tricks and sleights of outward profession all those things that you use to cozen and delude men withal cannot possibly impose upon him: he is a God that can look through all those fig-leaves of outward profession and discern the nakedness of your duties through them. Ezekiel Hopkins D.D.

Verse 4. "His eyes behold " etc. Take God into thy counsel. Heaven overlooks hell. God at any time can tell thee what plots are hatching there against thee. William Gurnall.

Verse 4. "His eyes behold his eyelids try the children of men." When an offender or one accused for any offence is brought before a judge and stands at the bar to be arraigned the judge looks upon him eyes him sets his eye upon him and he bids the offender look up in his face: "Look upon me " saith the judge "and speak up:" guiltiness usually clouds the forehead and clothes the brow; the weight of guilt holds down the head! the evil doer hath an ill look or dares not look up; how glad is he if the judge looks off him. We have such an expression here speaking of the Lord the great Judge of heaven and earth: "His eyelids try the children of men " as a judge tries a guilty person with his eye and reads the characters of his wickedness printed in his face. Hence we have a common speech in our language such a one looks suspiciously or he hath a guilty look. At that great gaol-delivery described in Revelation 6:16 All the prisoners cry out to be hid from the face of him that sat upon the throne. They could not look upon Christ and they could not endure Christ should look upon them; the eyelids of Christ try the children of men. . . . Wickedness cannot endure to be under the observation of any eye much less of the eye of justice. Hence the actors of it say "Who seeth us?" It is very hard not to show the guilt of the heart in the face and it is as hard to have it seen there. Joseph Caryl.

Verse 5. "The Lord trieth the righteous." Except our sins there is not such plenty of anything in all the world as there is of troubles which come from sin as one heavy messenger came to Job after another. Since we are not in paradise but in the wilderness we must look for one trouble after another. As a bear came to David after a lion and a giant after a bear and a king after a giant and Philistines after a king so when believers have fought with poverty. they shall fight with envy; when they have fought with envy they shall fight with infamy; when the have fought with infamy they shall fight with sickness; they shall be like a labourer who is never out of work. Henry Smith.

Verse 5. "The Lord trieth the righteous." Times of affliction and persecution will distinguish the precious from the vile it will difference the counterfeit professor from the true. Persecution is a Christian's touchstone it is a lapis lydius that will try what metal men are made of whether they be silver or tin gold or dross wheat or chaff shadow or substance carnal or spiritual sincere or hypocritical. Nothing speaks out more soundness and uprightness than a pursuing after holiness even then when holiness is most afflicted pursued and persecuted in the world: to stand fast in fiery trials argues much integrity within. Thomas Brooks.

Verse 5. Note the singular opposition of the two sentences. God hates the wicked and therefore in contrast he loves the righteous; but it is here said that he tries them: therefore it follows that to try and to love are with God the same thing. C. H. S.

Verse 6. "Upon the wicked he shall rain snares." Snares to hold them; then if they be not delivered follow fire and brimstone and they cannot escape. This is the case of a sinner if he repent not; if God pardon not he is in the snare of Satan's temptation he is in the snare of divine vengeance; let him therefore cry aloud for his deliverance that he may have his feet in a large room. The wicked lay snares for the righteous but God either preventeth them that their souls ever escape them or else he subverteth them: "The snares are broken and we are delivered." No snares hold us so fast as those of our own sins; they keep down our heads and stoop us that we cannot look up: a very little ease they are to him that hath not a seared conscience. Samuel Page 1646.

Verse 6. "He shall rain snares." As in hunting with the lasso the huntsman casts a snare from above upon his prey to entangle its head or feet so shall the Lord from above with many twistings of the line of terror surround bind and take captive the haters of his law. C. H. S.

Verse 6. "He shall rain snares " etc. He shall rain upon them when they least think of it even in the midst of their jollity as rain falls on a fair day. Or he shall rain down the vengeance when he sees good for it rains not always. Though he defers it yet it will rain. William Nicholson Bishop of Gloucester in "David's Harp Strung and Tuned " 1662.

Verse 6. "Upon the wicked he shall rain snares fire and brimstone and an horrible tempest." The strange dispensation of affairs in this world is an argument which doth convincingly prove that there shall be such a day wherein all the involucra and entanglements of providence shall be clearly unfolded. Then shall the riddle be dissolved why God hath given this and that profane wretch so much wealth and so much power to do mischief: is it not that they might be destroyed for ever? Then shall they be called to a strict account for all that plenty and prosperity for which they are now envied; and the more they have abused the more dreadful will their condemnation be. Then it will be seen that God gave them not as mercies but as "snares." It is said that God "will rain on the wicked snares fire and brimstone and an horrible tempest:" when he scatters abroad the desirable things of this world riches honours pleasures etc. then he rains "snares" upon them; and when he shall call them to an account for these things then he will rain upon them "fire and brimstone and an horrible tempest" of his wrath and fury. Dives who caroused on earth yet in hell could not obtain so much as one poor drop of water to cool his scorched and flaming tongue: had not his excess and intemperance been so great in his life his fiery thirst had not been so tormenting after death; and therefore in that sad item that Abraham gives him (Luke 16:25) he bids him "remember that thou in thy lifetime receivedst thy good things and likewise Lazarus evil things; but now he is comforted and thou art tormented." I look upon this as a most bitter and a most deserved sarcasm; upbraiding him for his gross folly in making the trifles of this life his good things. Thou hast received thy good things but now thou art tormented. Oh never call Dive's purple and delicious fare good things if they thus end in torments! Was it good for him to be wrapped in purple who is now wrapped in flames? Was it good for him to fare deliciously who was only thereby fatted up against the day of slaughter? Ezekiel Hopkins.

Verse 6. "Snares fire and brimstone storm and tempest: this shall be the portion of their cup." After the judgment follows the condemnation: pre-figured as we have seen by the overthrow of Sodom and Gomorrah. "Snares:" because the allurements of Satan in this life will be their worst punishments in the next; the fire of anger the brimstone of impurity the tempest of pride the lust of the flesh the lust of the eyes and the pride of life. "This shall be their portion;" compare it with the psalmist's own saying "The Lord himself is the portion of my inheritance and my cup." Psalm 16:5. Cassidorus in J. M. Neale's Commentary.

Verse 6. "The portion of their cup." Hebrew the allotment of their cup. The expression has reference to the custom of distributing to each guest his mess of meat. William French and George Skinner 1842.

Verse 7. That God may give grace without glory is intelligible; but to admit a man to communion with him in glory without grace is not intelligible. It is not agreeable to God's holiness to make any inhabitant of heaven and converse freely with him in a way of intimate love without such a qualification of grace: "The righteous Lord loveth righteousness;" his countenance doth behold the upright;" he looks upon him with a smiling eye and therefore he cannot favourably look upon an unrighteous person; so that this necessity is not founded only in the command of God that we should be renewed but in the very nature of the thing because God in regard to his holiness cannot converse with an impure creature. God must change his nature or the sinner's nature must be changed. There can be no friendly communion between two of different natures without the change of one of them into the likeness of the other. Wolves and sheep darkness and light can never agree. God cannot love a sinner as a sinner because he hates impurity by a necessity of nature as well as a choice of will. It is as impossible for him to love it as to cease to be holy. Stephen Charnock.


HINTS TO THE VILLAGE PREACHER

Verse 1. Faith's bold avowal and brave refusal.

Verse 1. Teacheth us to trust in God how great soever our dangers be; also that we shall be many times assaulted to make us put far from us this trust but yet that we must cleave unto it as the anchor of our souls sure and steadfast. Thomas Wilcocks.

Verse 1. The advice of cowardice and the jeer of insolence both answered by faith. Lesson—Attempt no other answer.

Verse 2. The craftiness of our spiritual enemies.

Verse 3. This may furnish a double discourse.
    I. If God's oath and promise could remove what could we do? Here the answer is easy.
    II. If all earthly things fail and the very State fall to pieces what can we do? We can suffer joyfully hope cheerfully wait patiently pray earnestly believe confidently and triumph finally.

Verse 3. Necessity of holding and preaching foundation truths.

Verse 4. The elevation mystery supremacy purity everlastingness invisibility etc. of the throne of God.

Verses 4 5. In these verses mark the fact that the children of men as well as the righteous are tried; work out the contrast between the two trials in their designs and results etc.

Verse 5. "The Lord trieth the righteous."
    I. Who are tried?
    II. What in them is tried?—Faith love etc.
    III. In what manner?—Trials of every sort.
    IV. How long?
    V. For what purpose?

Verse 5. "His soul hateth." The thoroughness of God's hatred of sin. Illustrate by providential judgments threatenings sufferings of the Surety and the terrors of hell.

Verse 5. The trying of the gold and the sweeping out of the refuse.

Verse 6. "He shall rain." Gracious rain and destroying rain.

Verse 6. The portion of the impenitent.

Verse 7. The Lord possesses righteousness as a personal attribute loves it in the abstract and blesses those who practise it.

── C.H. SpurgeonThe Treasury of David