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Proverbs
Chapter Twelve
Proverbs 12
Commentary on Proverbs 12:1
(Read Proverbs 12:1)
Those who have grace
will delight in the instructions
given them. Those that stifle their convictions
are like brutes.
Commentary on Proverbs 12:2
(Read Proverbs 12:2)
The man who covers selfish and vicious designs under a
profession of religion or friendship
will be condemned.
Commentary on Proverbs 12:3
(Read Proverbs 12:3)
Though men may advance themselves by sinful arts
they
cannot settle and secure themselves. But those who by faith are rooted in
Christ
are firmly fixed.
Commentary on Proverbs 12:4
(Read Proverbs 12:4)
A wife who is pious
prudent
and looks well to the ways
of her household
who makes conscience of her duty
and can bear crosses; such
a one is an honour and comfort to her husband. She that is the reverse of this
preys upon him
and consumes him.
Commentary on Proverbs 12:5
(Read Proverbs 12:5)
Thoughts are not free; they are under the Divine
knowledge
therefore under the Divine command. It is a man's shame to act with
deceit
with trick and design.
Commentary on Proverbs 12:6
(Read Proverbs 12:6)
Wicked people speak mischief to their neighbours. A man
may sometimes do a good work with one good word.
Commentary on Proverbs 12:7
(Read Proverbs 12:7)
God's blessing is often continued to the families of
godly men
while the wicked are overthrown.
Commentary on Proverbs 12:8
(Read Proverbs 12:8)
The apostles showed wisdom by glorying in shame for the
name of Christ.
Commentary on Proverbs 12:9
(Read Proverbs 12:9)
He that lives in a humble state
who has no one to wait
upon him
but gets bread by his own labour
is happier than he that glories in
high birth or gay attire
and wants necessaries.
Commentary on Proverbs 12:10
(Read Proverbs 12:10)
A godly man would not put even an animal to needless
pain. But the wicked often speak of others as well used
when they would not
endure like treatment for a single day.
Commentary on Proverbs 12:11
(Read Proverbs 12:11)
It is men's wisdom to mind their business
and follow an
honest calling. But it is folly to neglect business; and the grace of God
teaches men to disdain nothing but sin.
Commentary on Proverbs 12:12
(Read Proverbs 12:12)
When the ungodly see others prosper by sin
they wish
they could act in the same way. But the root of Divine grace
in the heart of
the righteous
produces other desires and purposes.
Commentary on Proverbs 12:13
(Read Proverbs 12:13)
Many a man has paid dear in this world for the transgression
of his lips.
Commentary on Proverbs 12:14
(Read Proverbs 12:14)
When men use their tongues aright
to teach and comfort
others
they enjoy acceptance through Christ Jesus; and the testimony of their
conscience
that they in some measure answer the end of their being.
Commentary on Proverbs 12:15
(Read Proverbs 12:15)
A fool
in the sense of Scripture
means a wicked man
one who acts contrary to the wisdom that is from above. His rule is
to do what
is right in his own eyes.
Commentary on Proverbs 12:16
(Read Proverbs 12:16)
A foolish man is soon angry
and is hasty in expressing
it; he is ever in trouble and running into mischief. It is kindness to
ourselves to make light of injuries and affronts
instead of making the worst
of them.
Commentary on Proverbs 12:17
(Read Proverbs 12:17)
It is good for all to dread and detest the sin of lying
and to be governed by honesty.
Commentary on Proverbs 12:18
(Read Proverbs 12:18)
Whisperings and evil surmises
like a sword
separate
those that have been dear to each other. The tongue of the wise is health
making all whole.
Commentary on Proverbs 12:19
(Read Proverbs 12:19)
If truth be spoken
it will hold good; whoever may be
disobliged
still it will keep its ground.
Commentary on Proverbs 12:20
(Read Proverbs 12:20)
Deceit and falsehood bring terrors and perplexities. But
those who consult the peace and happiness of others have joy in their own
minds.
Commentary on Proverbs 12:21
(Read Proverbs 12:21)
If men are sincerely righteous
the righteous God has
engaged that no evil shall happen to them. But they that delight in mischief
shall have enough of it.
Commentary on Proverbs 12:22
(Read Proverbs 12:22)
Make conscience of truth
not only in words
but in
actions.
Commentary on Proverbs 12:23
(Read Proverbs 12:23)
Foolish men proclaim to all the folly and emptiness of
their minds.
Commentary on Proverbs 12:24
(Read Proverbs 12:24)
Those who will not take pains in an honest calling
living by tricks and dishonesty
are paltry and beggarly.
Commentary on Proverbs 12:25
(Read Proverbs 12:25)
Care
fear
and sorrow
upon the spirits
deprive men of
vigour in what is to be done
or courage in what is to be borne. A good word
from God
applied by faith
makes the heart glad.
Commentary on Proverbs 12:26
(Read Proverbs 12:26)
The righteous is abundant; though not in this world's
goods
yet in the graces and comforts of the Spirit
which are the true riches.
Evil men vainly flatter themselves that their ways are not wrong.
Commentary on Proverbs 12:27
(Read Proverbs 12:27)
The slothful man makes no good use of the advantages
Providence puts in his way
and has no comfort in them. The substance of a
diligent man
though not great
does good to him and his family. He sees that
God gives it to him in answer to prayer.
Commentary on Proverbs 12:28
(Read Proverbs 12:28)
The way of religion is a straight
plain way; it is the
way of righteousness. There is not only life at the end
but life in the way;
all true comfort.
── Matthew Henry《Concise Commentary on Proverbs》
Proverbs 12
Verse 6
[6] The words of the wicked are to lie in wait for blood:
but the mouth of the upright shall deliver them.
Lie in wait — Are designed to entrap others
and to destroy them.
Deliver them — From those that lie in wait for
them.
Verse 7
[7] The wicked are overthrown
and are not: but the house of
the righteous shall stand.
Are not — Both they and their families suddenly perish.
Verse 9
[9] He that is despised
and hath a servant
is better than
he that honoureth himself
and lacketh bread.
Despised — That lives in a mean condition.
Honoureth — That glories in his high birth or
gay attire.
Verse 10
[10] A righteous man regardeth the life of his beast: but the
tender mercies of the wicked are cruel.
Regardeth — He will not destroy it either by
labour beyond its strength
or by denying it necessary food or rest.
Cruel — There is cruelty mixed even with their most merciful
actions.
Verse 11
[11] He that tilleth his land shall be satisfied with bread:
but he that followeth vain persons is void of understanding.
Tilleth — That employs his time in an honest calling.
Vain persons — In an idle course of living.
Verse 12
[12] The wicked desireth the net of evil men: but the root of
the righteous yieldeth fruit.
Desireth — He approves those arts
which wicked men use like nets
to ensnare other men.
The root — That piety
which is the root of his actions
yields
him sufficient fruit both for his own need
and to do good to others.
Verse 14
[14] A man shall be satisfied with good by the fruit of his
mouth: and the recompence of a man's hands shall be rendered unto him.
Mouth — By his pious and profitable discourses.
Hands — Of his actions.
Verse 15
[15] The way of a fool is right in his own eyes: but he that
hearkeneth unto counsel is wise.
Hearkeneth — That distrusts his own judgments
and seeks counsel from others.
Verse 16
[16] A fool's wrath is presently known: but a prudent man
covereth shame.
Covereth — The shame
or injury done to him
which he conceals
and bears with patience.
Verse 17
[17] He that speaketh truth sheweth forth righteousness: but
a false witness deceit.
Deceit — He who uses himself to lying in his common talk
will
use falsehood and deceit in judgment.
Verse 18
[18] There is that speaketh like the piercings of a sword:
but the tongue of the wise is health.
Health — Tends to the comfort and benefit of others.
Verse 19
[19] The lip of truth shall be established for ever: but a
lying tongue is but for a moment.
A moment — Liars
though they may make a fair shew for a season
yet are quickly convicted.
Verse 20
[20] Deceit is in the heart of them that imagine evil: but to
the counsellors of peace is joy.
Deceit — They whose hearts devise mischief shall be deceived in
their hopes
and bring trouble upon themselves: but they who by good counsels
labour to promote peace
shall reap the comfort of it themselves.
Verse 23
[23] A prudent man concealeth knowledge: but the heart of
fools proclaimeth foolishness.
Concealeth — He does not unseasonably utter
what he knows.
Foolishness — Betrays his ignorance and folly.
Verse 25
[25] Heaviness in the heart of man maketh it stoop: but a
good word maketh it glad.
A good word — A compassionate or encouraging
word.
Verse 26
[26] The righteous is more excellent than his neighbour: but
the way of the wicked seduceth them.
Neighbour — Than any other men.
Seduceth — Heb. maketh them to err
to lose that excellency or
happiness which they had promised themselves.
Verse 27
[27] The slothful man roasteth not that which he took in
hunting: but the substance of a diligent man is precious.
Resteth not — Does not enjoy the fruit of his
labours.
Precious — Yields him comfort and blessing with it.
── John Wesley《Explanatory Notes on Proverbs》
12 Chapter 12
Verses 1-28
Whoso loveth instruction loveth knowledge: but he that hateth
reproof is brutish.
Worthless and attentive hearers
Attention to the precepts and wise counsels of this book is urged by--
1. The advantage which such precepts are of
to improve a man’s
carriage and conversation.
2. The fact that they are a safeguard against the mischiefs of evil
company.
3. That they are the best preservatives of health and long life.
4. In the ways of wisdom is to be found peace with God
with man
and
with our own conscience. But Solomon tells us there are several sorts of men
who will be never the wiser nor better for what he says.
The love of instruction
It is by instruction that knowledge comes. He who fancies he has
all in himself will never learn. In proportion to the love of instruction will
be the acquisition of knowledge. The love of instruction implies humility. It
argues a sense of ignorance and need of information. It is a common thing for
men to allow pride to cheat them of much valuable knowledge. That the knowledge
of duty as well as of truth is here to be included may be inferred from the
latter part of the verse. “Refusing reproof” is “brutish
” as irrational
senseless
unworthy of a creature endowed with intellect; distinguished by
reason from the beasts of the field
and distinguished from them too by his
immorality. There may also be comprehended in the expression the absence of
what every rational creature ought to have--spiritual discernment and taste;
the destitution of all right sentiment and feeling in reference to God and
Divine things. This is the character of him whom Paul denominates “the natural”
or animal man
who “receiveth not the things of the Spirit of God.” (R.
Wardlaw.)
Instruction implies discipline
Instruction
as the contrast teaches
chiefly implies
discipline--that most needful course for acquiring spiritual knowledge. The
submission of the will is the only road to Christian attainment. The irritable
pride that hates reproof
as if it were an affront to be told of our faults
argues not only want of grace but also want of understanding. (C.
Bridges.)
Reproof
The knowledge and the wisdom which this book recommends is
a practical and devout thing
having for its foundation the fear of God
and
then obedience will come out as the result. If a man loves the end he will love
that which leads to the end. Reproof is instruction under another form. It is
instruction with an unpleasant face; but not the less necessary and salutary.
Some men can hardly be managed in any other way than by just having the rein
kept tight upon them. The Bible never permits us to lose sight of our immediate
connection with God. The world and human society is not a mere machine. It is a
great thing to get the idea of law
and that law is working out its results;
but it is a greater thing to get before the mind the idea of the personal
superintendence of the Lawgiver. Under His superintendence “virtue will be its
own reward
” and vice and wickedness will bring their own condemnation and
punishment. The good or benevolent man does not think about the results to
himself and his actions towards others; he does the thing out of those
impulses
those Divine and holy instincts
which inhabit that religious nature
of his: and God has His eyes upon the good
and the result is the favour of God
comes upon him and overshadows him. A man may get on by wickedness for a while
wonderfully; but in general the triumph of the wicked is short. When he seems
to be established he is always in fear. (T. Binney.)
Hating reproof
A story is told of a Scotch minister
who
for a month or
two after his appointment to a country parish
used to treat his hearers to
sermons of a very flowery description. Finding
however
that continual
preaching of this kind is fruitful of little benefit
he changed his style to
something less catching but more practical
and also
with the view of adding weight
to his exhortations
inaugurated the “schedule system” of making collections.
On one occasion a young lady collector called on an erstwhile benevolent old
spinster belonging to the congregation
and began the attack with the
insinuating schedule; but no sooner was her mission comprehended than the
countenance of the spinster hardened. “Na
na!” she exclaimed. “Wha wud gie a
ha’penny to yon man? I likit um weel eneuch when he used to tell us aboot the
works o’ nature
an’ the bonnie flo’ers
an’ a’ that; but when he begoon to
speak till us like yon aboot oor fau’ts
I couldna dae wi’ um.”
Reproof in preaching
One thing I have against the clergy
both of the country and in
the town; I think they are not severe enough on their congregations. They do
not sufficiently lay upon the souls and consciences of their hearers their
moral obligations
and probe their hearts and bring up their whole lives and
action to the bar of conscience. The class of sermons which I think are most
needed are of the class which offended Lord Melbourne long ago. Lord Melbourne
was seen one day coming from a church in the country in a mighty fume. Finding
a friend
he exclaimed
“It’s too bad! I have always been a supporter of the
Church
and I have always upheld the clergy. But it is really too bad to have
to listen to a sermon like that we have had this morning. Why
the preacher
actually insisted upon applying religion to a man’s private life!” But this is
the kind of preaching which I like best
the kind of preaching which men need
most; but it is also the kind which they get the least. (W. E. Gladstone.)
A good man obtaineth favour of the Lord.
The blessing of the righteous and misery of the wicked
There is s marked difference between the righteous and the wicked
both in their characteristics and in their condition.
I. The teaching of
the passage regarding the blessing of the righteous.
1. The righteous has the favour of the Lord (Proverbs 12:2). In the Divine favour is
the guarantee of all good.
2. The righteous is firmly fixed (Proverbs 12:3).
3. He is wiser in his speech (Proverbs 12:6).
4. His blessings are continued to his children (verse 71.
5. He wins the confidence of his fellow-men. In spiritual privileges
at least
the good man gains advantages of inestimable worth. Some of the
advantages of the righteous man are specified. Because he is industrious
he--
The longings of the child of God are so controlled and directed
that in time they are fully met. They keep themselves within the channels of
the Divine will
and so are never stranded and wrecked by their self-will.
II. The passage
pictures the misery of the wicked. This consists
first of all
in the
disapproval of God; then in the disapproval of his fellow-men. By their
misdeeds the wicked forfeit the esteem of the public
and this is a blow they
find hard to bear. A wrong course of conduct is also sure to ensnare one in
difficulties. Each sin is a misstep which brings one into new entanglements.
One lie necessitates another to bolster it. The immediate results of sin may
not be seen to be evil. But the end is sure to come. Sin persisted in brings
ruin. The end of unrepented wrong is sure. The law of moral turpitude cannot be broken.
III. The
characteristics of both these classes. The wicked are marked by a dislike for
reproof. Their very sinfulness is an indication that they are void of
understanding. They are self-conceited. An indifference to the opinions of
others
a certain self-assurance
an unwillingness to learn
these are some of
the characteristics of the wicked. Another almost certain indication of
wrong-doing is the keeping of bad company. The wrong-doer “followeth after vain
persons.” He naturally seeks those of his own kind. His conduct is all in the
line of injury to others. Selfishness has in it the seeds of cruelty. Self is
steadily seeking its own gratification
and does not stop at any injury to
others who chance to stand in its way. The characteristics of the righteous
are--
1. He loveth knowledge. He is honestly seeking to find out what it is
best to do. Hence he gladly welcomes correction. He does not shrink from
reproof.
2. His thoughts are just. He desires to treat all rightly and to give
every man his just dues. His thoughts even are under control in this matter.
Not only does he not do others wrong
but he has no wish to; nor even does the
thought of evil rise up in his mind. (A. F. Foster.)
The man of wisdom
I. The relation of
the man of wisdom to God. He is in favour with God
whereas the man of unwisdom
is condemned of God (Proverbs 12:2). The ethics of Proverbs is
most deeply religious. All moral obligations derive from the Creator
and the
foundation of wisdom is over and over again stated to be in the fear of the
Lord. Many a moral teacher fails because he tries to induce men to act right
without first setting their hearts right.
II. The traits of
character belonging to the wise man are set forth partially here.
1. He is truthful.
2. He is receptive.
3. He has good practical judgment.
4. He is industrious.
5. He is kind-hearted.
III. The wise man in
his relations with other men is here set forth.
1. He has honour from others. That man only has true honour whose
name is honestly revered. Such reverence comes only to that nobility of
character whose spring is in that heart-wisdom which consists in the fear of
the Lord.
2. Such a character brings honour to others.
3. Such a man is safe from embroilments with others. A man without
principle is always getting into troubles from which the righteous escape.
IV. The results to
himself of the wisdom Of the good man.
1. The wise man has a return for his devotion to that which is good.
Satisfaction is dealt out to him.
2. In this passage the character of the result is described.
3. Stability is specially noted as one of the rewards of the good. (D.
J. Burrell.)
The good man
By a good man we are to understand a benevolent man; that is
a
man who always wills happiness to others and carries forward his benevolence
into the active form of beneficence. The good man is not an intellectual fop
or a moral phenomenon
but is well disciplined
thoroughly chastened
adjusted
in all his faculties
and sometimes concealing exceptional excellences under a
general average of fine nature; that is to say
instead of living in his
eccentricities and making a reputation out of his occasional excellences he
brings down these mountains and irregularities and smooths them so as to
consolidate a general average of true worth. Whoever does good is an ally of
God; he is in immediate co-operation with Him. (J. Parker
D. D.)
A virtuous woman is a crown to her husband: but she that maketh
ashamed is as rottenness in his bones
False affection
Delilah’s character
though but briefly drawn
is not without
terrible significance.
In her we see a violation of the ties of life and properly-poised affection
which makes us start; and yet by many among us this fault is committed and
scarcely considered to be a fault. We hardly know a case of more affecting and
heartless treachery than that of Delilah. Under the guise of love and in the
apparently trusting confidence of affection a man is induced to tell a secret.
There is a mixture of treachery
hypocrisy
cruelty
and perseverance about the
whole which is remarkable. Yet is the case so uncommon after all? Delilah’s
conduct has few parallels in Scripture. It is a fearful contradiction--treachery
and hypocrisy stand among its foremost features; conspiring with others
and
those cruel and vindictive foes
against one who trusted her
is a strong
aggravation of the evil. It would be scarcely worth while to dwell on a
character like Delilah’s were it not that it bears on a certain condition of
things among ourselves which we continually have brought under notice
especially among our poor--the determination to defend and protect at all
hazards
through evil report and good report
the husband and near relative
from the mere fact of his close relationship. It is often difficult to know how
to treat persons whose prominent features are so beautiful and attractive
when
the deeper lines of the character may perplex us by an indifference to truth
the glory of God and the zeal needful for His service
which deviation from
such a line of uncompromising affection and defence necessitates. Illustrate
the devotion of a woman who has a drunken husband
of a woman who has been
wronged
or whose husband is a criminal. These are cases of heroism. What is
the history of these feelings
these sad perversions of rectitude
and what are
the remedies which we may apply to them? What is the object of these intense
natural affections? Are they intended to blind the eyes to the faults of those
we love? No. And yet the moral sense of mankind condemns Delilah
and honours
these other women. They may be partially in error; no doubt they are
but the
question is
Which tendency is right? The very object of strong natural
affections is to give a tendency or prejudice which may
to a certain degree
supersede the mere dictum of justice. We are too weak
too frail
to endure the
latter only. If we cannot stand at God’s tribunal neither can we endure man’s
ignorant and partial judgment
when there is no counter impulse given by some
other prejudicing principle. I say it with reverence; the justice of God is
tempered by the love of the Incarnation
and the stern decree of bare judgment
is toned down or reversed by the examination of motives and impulses
circumstances and temptations
which He alone can do who “knoweth our frame and
remembereth that we are dust.” The office of natural affection in us gives a
strong impulse in favour of
not adverse to
the dependent. And when justice
decides that the extenuating circumstance is not enough to acquit
it forces
itself on the forlorn and forsaken
goes out of court with the condemned
criminal
sits by his side in mournful attitude in the cell
sings sweet words
of sympathy through the
dreary hours of punishment
“weeps with him who weeps
” and makes his sorrows
its own. We can so little trust the keen eye of the most impartial justice. We
need to see with some other eye. None looks so deeply as that of affection. It
lets nothing escape which can defend
justify
save. Its object and aim--its
interest is to defend from false blame; to detect palliating circumstances; to
discover motives which may extenuate. And do we not need that protective power?
Are any of us sufficiently fair judges of one another to allow of our demanding
a state of society without the protecting influence of this strong and mighty
advocate? Evidently we should value
not despise
the existence and exercise of
natural affections. And more than this
they are to be brought into practical
account. We should in every way encourage those who are pursuing that line of
self-devotion and unselfish affection by showing them how beautiful we esteem
their conduct
and how well it may be the stepping-stone to higher self-sacrifice
to Him who yearns for their heart’s devotion. (E. Monro.)
The queen of the household
Here a virtuous woman is spoken of
and a virtuous woman is a true
woman
chaste
prudent
modest
loving
faithful
patient in suffering
and
brave in duty
keeping within the orbit of her sex
and lighting it with all
the graces of womanhood. The language of the text implies two things.
I. That she
exercises a control over her husband. A “crown” is the insignia of rule. A
virtuous woman rules by the power of her love and the graces of her life.
Beauty
tenderness
love
purity
are the imperial forces of life
and these
woman wields.
II. That she
confers a dignity upon him. A crown is a dignity.
1. Her excellence justifies his choice.
2. Her management enriches his exchequer.
3. Her influence exalts his character. Her gentle spirit and manners
smooth the roughnesses of his character
refine his tastes
elevate his aims
and round the angles of his life. (Homilist.)
A husband’s crown
Woman’s place is important. God has made it so
and made her fit
for filling it. Woman became the completion of man’s capacity and title--she
became his crown. Let woman be content with the place that God has given her.
The adaptation of the feminine character to be the companion and complement of
man is one of the best defined examples of that designing wisdom which pervades
creation. When the relations of the sexes move in fittings of truth and love
the working of the complicated machinery of life is a wonder to an observing
man
and a glory to the Creator God. (R. F. Horton
D. D.)
Virtuous woman
The moral element is not excluded from this term “virtuous
” but
it is latent and assumed rather than active and pronounced. It must be
understood that the moral element is indeed essential; yet that does not impair
the true etymology of the term. By “virtuous” we are to understand a woman of
power--so to say
a virile woman; a woman of great capacity and faculty
of
penetrating sagacity
and of ability to manage household and other affairs. She
is a high-minded woman
giving the very best help to her husband in all the
difficulties of life
crowning him with grace and with light
such a woman as
he can trust in perplexity and exigency of every kind. She will not be less an
intellectual woman or a woman of strong mind because she is morally pure
spiritually sympathetic
and religiously tender. She will not be less a
philosopher because she is a true child of God. (J. Parker
D.D.)
A good wife a crown to her husband
A remarkable instance of helpfulness in a wife is presented
in the case of Huber
the Geneva naturalist. Huber was blind from his
seventeenth year
and yet he found means to study and master a branch of
natural history demanding the closest observation and the keenest eyesight. It
was through the eyes of his wife that his mind worked as if they had been his
own. She encouraged her husband’s studies as a means of alleviating his
privation
which at length he came to forget; and his life was as prolonged and
happy as is usual with most naturalists. He even declared that he should be
miserable were he to regain his eyesight. “I should not know
” he said
“to
what extent a person in my situation could be beloved; besides
to me my wife
is always young
fresh
and pretty
which is no light matter.” Huber’s great
work on “Bees” is still regarded as a masterpiece
embodying a vast amount of
original observation on their habits and natural history. Indeed
his
descriptions read rather like the work of a singularly keen-sighted man than of
one who had been entirely blind for twenty-five years at the time at which he
wrote them. The married life of Faraday furnishes another example. In his wife
he found
at the same time
a true help-mate and soul-mate. She supported
cheered
and strengthened him on his way through life
giving him “the clear
contentment of a heart at ease.” In his diary he speaks of his marriage as “a
source of honour and happiness far exceeding all the rest.” After twenty-eight
years’ experience
he spoke of it as “an event which
more than any other
had
contributed to his earthly happiness and healthy state of mind The union (he
said) has in no wise changed
except only in the depth and strength of its
character.” And for six-and-forty years did the union continue unbroken; the love
of the old man remaining as fresh
as earnest
as heart-whole
as in the days
of his impetuous youth.
Verse 5 The thoughts of
the righteous are right: but the counsels of the wicked are deceit.
On right thoughts
(see also Proverbs 23:7):--We are in reality what
we are in our hearts
and not what we may be only in appearance. There may be a
fair show
while many bad things prevail within. The Bible
therefore
teaches
a religion for the heart
and it is alike suitable and necessary for every
heart. We are required to keep our hearts with all diligence
but no one can be
kept right who is not first set right. If a person is as he thinketh in his
heart
his very salvation must depend much upon his thoughts. A due management
of these must have a bearing upon everything else.
I. Some remarks on
human thoughts. What an inconceivable number of these are continually rising up
in all minds! Then what a mind His must be who knoweth all these thoughts! Our
thoughts are weighed and judged by Him who searcheth all hearts. Thoughts
pertain to moral agents
and partake of the moral qualities of the mind that
breeds them. Self-scrutiny and self-knowledge are therefore important duties.
Good thoughts are such as God approves according to His Word
and they are
productive of good deeds. Evil thoughts are sinful in His sight
polluting to
the soul
and productive of transgressions. Human thoughts differ much in their
origin and cause
and this not only in different minds
but also in the same
mind. There are suggested thoughts
such as are communicated by some outward
agency. There are also voluntary thoughts
such as are deliberately pursued and
cherished. And there are involuntary thoughts
such as seem to come and go at
random. Some are momentary
others are more permanent; others
again
grow into
settled designs
full determinations of the will. Evil minds ought to be under
right government and control
so as to furnish prompt restraint and influence to
its numerous and various thoughts.
II. The assertion
concerning the thoughts of the righteous. Consider what it does not mean. All
the thoughts of the righteous are not perfect and true. And it is only thoughts
that are properly the righteous man’s own for which he is responsible. The text
expresses what is the true and proper influence of religion upon the mind that
receives it. That influence is of the right kind. Hence the great importance of
being brought under the regenerating work of the Holy Spirit
since it is
precisely this which rectifies the mind.
1. True religion hath a prevailing influence upon the thoughts
concerning God. Righteous men’s thoughts of God are reverential and devout.
2. True religion hath a prevailing influence upon the thoughts of the
righteous concerning themselves. Their thoughts awaken them to a sense of their
high destiny
quicken them in the path of duty
make them watchful against
temptation
and lead to prayer and communion with God. Because the prevailing
bias of the unrighteous is wrong
they disregard these things. Each one should
therefore inquire
What is the character and tenor of my thoughts? (Essex
Remembrancer.)
The righteous and the wicked contrasted
I. In their
thoughts. Thoughts are the factors of character
and the primal forces of
history. By thought man builds up his own world. The righteous man is righteous
in heart: therefore his thoughts will be right. The heart is the spring of the
intellect. The thoughts of the wicked are false. He lives in an illusory world.
II. In their
speech. Words are the incarnations
the vehicles
and the weapons of thought.
The words of the wicked are mischievous. The words of the righteous are
beneficent.
III. In their
standing. “The wicked are overthrown and are not
but the house of the
righteous shall stand.” The wicked are insecure. The righteous are safe.
IV. In their
reputation. The good commands the respect of society. The consciences of the
worst men are bound to reverence the right. The evil awakes the contempt of
society. Servility and hypocrisy may bow the knee and uncover the head before
the wicked man in affluence and power
but deep in the heart there is contempt.
(D. Thomas
D.D.)
The righteous man and right
The verse has been rendered
“The policy of the just is honesty;
the wisdom of the wicked is cunning.” This rendering marks more strikingly the
intended distinction. The righteous man
in all his thoughts
keeps by what is
right. He deals in rectitude
as opposed to deceit; and from his actions you
may know his thoughts. The wicked man thinks one way and acts another. (R.
Wardlaw.)
The thoughts of the righteous
As odorous flowers give out their fragrance so that we may inhale
it
so the thoughts and affections of our spiritual nature go forth to be
inbreathed again by other souls. On this ground
Jesus taught that when the
Holy Spirit dwells in man
streams of holy influence flow forth from that man’s
spirit. If a frail flower breathes sweetness into the general air
how much
more a holy man? If a cesspool emits a pestiferous influence
how much more a
bad man? (J Pulsford.)
The difference between the thoughts of the righteous and the
wicked
There is a difference between good thoughts that ascend from the
frame of our hearts and those that are injected from without. For instance
a
gracious man’s holy thoughts ascend from the spiritual frame that is within his
soul; but now a wicked man may have holy thoughts cast into him as a flash of
lightning in the night
which doth not make a day; neither doth the injection of
some holy thoughts argue the frame of his heart spiritual and holy. When he
hath been hearing a warm sermon
then he thinks with himself
heaven deserves
his choice
and eager pursuits; this is but from without
and therefore doth
not argue that he is spiritual. (J. Pulsford)
The thoughts of the righteous are right
Take a river--let it be dammed and stopped up
yet
if the course
of it be natural
if the vent and stream of it be to go downward
at length it
will overbear
and ride triumphantly over: or let water that is sweet be made
brackish by the coming in of the salt water; yet
if it naturally be sweet
at
the length it will work it out. So it is with every man; look what the constant
stream of his disposition is
look what the frame of it is; if it is grace
that which is now natural and inward to a man
though it may be dammed up
and
stopped in such a: course
for a while
yet it will break through all at the last; and though there be
some brackish and some sinful dispositions that may break in upon a man
yet by
the grace of God
he will wear them out
because his natural disposition
the frame: of his
heart
runs another way. (J. Pulsford.)
But the house of the righteous shall stand.
Virtuous kindred
I. In the first
place
the circumstance of belonging to the house of the righteous
is a great
security that the early principles which so commonly decide the character of
the man
have been the subjects of a judicious and anxious attention. The child
of such a house cannot have been left to collect from the chance companions of
after-life those important truths upon the knowledge of which so much depends.
II. It is a second
advantage belonging to the house of the righteous that the companions and
examples furnished by it are likely to have a powerful influence in deepening
every good impression
and recommending every valuable lesson received in it.
III. It is another
privilege belonging to an early education in the house of the righteous that
virtue is there seen from the first in its own lovely form
and its influence
felt to be full of calm and lasting enjoyment.
IV. Another of
these advantages is the additional motive felt in such a connection to
respectable conduct--to conduct which may recommend us to the continued regard
of the numerous and friendly witnesses who
with anxious interest
are watching
our progress. (J. G. Robberds.)
A man shall be commended according to his wisdom.
Appreciation better than praise
There are persons in this world--and the pity is that there are
not more of them--who care less for praise than for appreciation. They have an
ideal after which they are striving
but of which they consciously fall short
as every one who has a lofty ideal is sure to do. When that ideal is recognised
by another
and they are praised or commended for something--let that something
be important or not--in its direction
they are grateful
not for the praise
but for appreciation. An element of sympathy enters into that recognition
and
they feel that they have something in common with the observer who admires what
they admire
and praises what they think is most worthy of praise. (Alliance
News.)
He that is despised
and hath a servant
is better than he that
honoureth himself
and lacketh bread.
Domestic modesty and display
Vanity
or love of display
is one of the most contemptible and
pernicious passions that can take possession of the human mind. Its roots are
self-ignorance
its fruits are affectation and falsehood. The text refers to
this in families
and when it takes possession of households it often destroys
domestic comforts.
I. There are
domestic comforts without display. In many an unpretending cottage there is
more real domestic enjoyment than can be found in the most imposing mansions.
II. There is
domestic display without comforts. Many sacrifice comforts for appearances.
They all but starve their domestics to feed their vanity. They must be grand
though they lack bread. This love of appearance
this desire for show
is
making sad havoc with the homes of old England.
III. The condition
of the former is preferable to that of the latter. It is better to have
comforts without show than show without comforts.
1. It is more rational.
2. It is more moral.
3. It is more satisfying. (Homilist.)
Vain honouring of self
Amid the changes of this world
I have seen a man who
having known better days
had been nursed by luxury
and reared in the lap of
fulness
outlive his good-fortune
and sink down into the baseness and meanness
of the deepest poverty--in such a case it seems to be with men as with plants.
Naturalists find it much less easy to teach a mountain flower to accommodate
itself to a low locality than to persuade one which by birth belongs to the
valleys to live and thrive at a lofty elevation; so there seems nothing more
difficult to men than to descend gracefully . . . And thus I have seen such an
one as I have described
when he had lost his wealth
retain his vanity
continuing proud in spirit when he had become poor in circumstances. (T.
Guthrie
D. D.)
A righteous man regardeth the life of his beast.
The sin of cruelty to animals
First remove some prejudices against dealing with this subject.
1. This is a trifling subject
which is unworthy of being made a
matter of grave and deliberate consideration. But if this subject constitute a
matter of moral and religious obligation at all
it is not to be thrust out of
view because it is not of the most universal and commanding importance. It
belongs to the great duty of mercy
and pertains to the exercise of dominion
one of the high and peculiar distinctions belonging to human nature.
2. The outcry against cruelty to animals is a mere piece of
sentimentalism or affectation
and that what is so called is little if at all
felt by the creatures that are pitied. But many of the animals exceed ourselves
in their susceptibility of impressions
having acuter powers of hearing
a more
enlarged and distinct vision and a keener smell. There is a difference between
a tyrannic exercise of power and a mild and gracious management of the lower
creatures. What shall we say of acts of gratuitous cruelty
of unmitigated
tyranny
and of unrighteous injury?
3. It is urged that this subject cannot be treated from the pulpit
with the hope of much good. It is surely a part of the benevolent work of the
pulpit to turn the kindly feelings of humanity towards the brute creation
and
thereby to rescue them from the tormenting cruelty which would embitter their
existence and sport with their lives. State some arguments to enforce the duty
of abstaining from the cruel treatment of the inferior animals.
I. Kindness to the
brute creation is a command of God (Exodus 23:5; Deuteronomy 22:6; Deuteronomy 25:4). The will of God for
the treatment of His irrational creatures is--
1. That labouring animals are to be well fed and cared for in return
for their toil and work.
2. That every animal in a situation of oppression
peril
or
insuperable difficulty is to be relieved
assisted
and delivered; and that
without any regard to whom it may belong
though to your worst enemy.
3. That no animal is to be tormented merely for our pleasure
or have
its rational instincts thwarted
or its accustomed and long-acquired habits
denied. Every one must admit the equity and justice of these rules.
II. An argument
against cruelty to animals is presented by the example of God. We are required
to be merciful as our Father in heaven is merciful. This extends to our
treatment of the inferior animals
since God shows us an example of mercy in
His dealing with them (Psalms 147:8-9). But ample as is the
evidence which the brute creation furnishes of the goodness of God
we do not
see them enjoying at present all the happiness which God intended that they
should possess. They are involved in sufferings consequent upon the fall of
man
being committed
as it were
to the same fortune with us. We ought to take
pity on them the more on this account as our blameless fellow-sufferers
and
diminish
as far as we can
the necessary evils of their lot. This is to
resemble our heavenly Father.
III. Another
argument may be deduced from the tendency of such cruelty to harden the heart
and to injure the temper and feelings of those who habitually commit it. A man
who is cruel in the treatment of his animal cannot be a good husband
a kind
parent
a humane neighbour
or a gentle and tender friend. Men cannot change
their dispositions like their dress; whatever disposition they encourage
it
will become habitual and natural. Cruelty to animals makes men sullen
rude
ferocious
wrathful
apt to strike
impatient of contradiction
and prone to
every evil work.
IV. Cruelty to
animals is a mean and contemptible vice to which there is no temptation. Almost
any sin can say more for itself than this can. What but a love of vulgar and
low excitement gives zest to sports in which animals are baited
tormented
mangled
and destroyed?
V. The crying
injustice of such cruelty may be urged. We have no right to abuse the inferior
creation
although we have a right to use them. Some of the causes which lead
to the commission of cruelties upon the brute creation are
mere
thoughtlessness and wantonness; avarice; love of excitement
from which come
the strifes and conflicts of the bear-garden
the race-course
the chase
the
cock-pit
etc. (John Forbes.)
Cruelty to animals
The word “regard” may either apply to the moral or to the
intellectual part of our nature. It is the regard of attention
or the regard
of sympathy. If the regard of attention could be fastened strongly and singly
on the pain of a suffering creature as its object
no other emotion than the
regard of sympathy or compassion would in any instance be awakened by it. With the
inertness of our reflective faculties
rather than with the incapacity of our
senses the present argument has to do. It is on behalf of animals that we
plead; those animals that move on the face of the open perspective before us.
The sufferings of the lower animals may
when out of sight
be out of mind. But
more than this
these sufferings may be in sight and yet out of mind. This is
strikingly exemplified in the sport of the field
in the midst of whose varied
and animating bustle
that cruelty which all along is present to the senses
may not for one moment have been present to the thoughts. Such suffering
touches not the sensibilities of the heart
just because it is never present to
the notice of the mind. We are not even sure if
within the whole compass of
humanity
fallen as it is
there be such a thing as delight in suffering for
its own sake. Certainly much
and perhaps the whole of this world’s cruelty
arises not from the enjoyment that is felt in consequence of others’ pain
but
from the enjoyment that is felt in spite of it. Without imputing to the
vivisectionist aught so monstrous as the positive love of suffering
we may
even admit for him a hatred of suffering
but that the love of science had
overborne it. This
view in no way is designed to palliate the atrociousness of cruelty. Man is a
direct agent of a wide and continual distress to the lower animals
and the
question is
Can any method be devised for its alleviation? The whole inferior
creation groaneth and travaileth together in pain
because of man. It signifies
not to the substantive amount of the suffering whether this be prompted by the
hardness of his heart or only permitted through the heedlessness of his mind.
These sufferings are really felt. The beasts of the field are not so many
automata without sensation
and just so constructed as to give forth all the
natural signs and expressions of it. These poor animals just look and tremble
and give forth the very indications of suffering that we do. Theirs is unmixed
and unmitigated pain.
1. Upon this question we should hold no doubtful casuistry. We should
not deem it the right tactics for this moral warfare to take up the position of
the unlawfulness of field sports or public competitions. To obtain the regards
of man’s heart in behalf of the lower animals
we should strive to draw the
regards of his mind towards them.
2. We should avail ourselves of the close alliance that obtains
between the regards of his attention and those of his sympathy. For this
purpose we should importunately ply him with the objects of suffering
and thus
call up its respondent emotion of sympathy. This demands constant and varied
appeals from the pulpit
the press
and elsewhere. (T. Chalmers
D.D.)
The sin of cruelty towards the brute creation
What the sun is to the natural
that Christianity is to the moral
world--its universal benefactor. Christianity regulates the intercourse between
man and man. It forbids hatred
malice
and revenge. It allows no one to take
advantage of his height of station to oppress or domineer over his humbler
brethren. But it also condescends to undertake the cause of the brute tribe
against the cruelty of man
both high and low
rich and poor. The tendency of
the laws God has enacted for their treatment forbids occasioning unnecessary
pain to the most obnoxious or destructive of them; while towards the positively
useful we live under actual obligations. We are not merely forbidden to do
these harm; to do them good is a cheap return for the services they perform in
our behalf. To treat humanely animals in our possession constitutes a part of
true religion
and will be viewed by God accordingly. The words of the text
imply that he who “regardeth not the life of his beast” forfeits all
pretensions to the character of a righteous man. By this single breach of
morality he betrays a degree of guilt for which the most unexceptionable
conduct to those of the same flesh and blood can make no amends. The common
sources of cruelty.
1. Inattention. This must not be confounded in point of guilt with
the diabolical spirit of cool
intended cruelty
but the pain it occasions may
be equally severe. Children are in peculiar danger of sinning under this head.
2. Prejudice. In many families children are taught to treat the
greater part of reptiles and insects as if they were highly dangerous or
injurious
and of course to be destroyed
or at least to be avoided with
horror. The young implicitly believe the unfair reports
and act accordingly.
Once give a child the liberty of inflicting death on certain species of
inferior beings
and you will soon find he indiscriminately wages war on all;
what has been a habit will ere long become a pleasure. If parents would
preserve their children free from the stain of cruelty
let them beware how
they make them the executioners of their vengeance on even the most noxious or
unsightly creatures
the crushers of ants and spiders
or the tramplers on the
caterpillar or the earth-worm.
3. Selfishness. A selfish man may plead that he means no harm to the
creatures he is maltreating; but to get his pleasure
he cares not what
sufferings he occasions them. Refined methods of barbarity are keeping certain
creatures so as to render them choicer food; the wagers laid at races
etc.
There are those who
however considerate they may be towards their own
property
care little how they treat the property of others when lent or hired
out. Such incur not only the charge of cruelty; they are also chargeable with
ingratitude or deceit; and under these circumstances their sin becomes “exceeding
sinful.” (H. A. Herbert
B. A.)
The feelings of animals
This verse might be rendered
“A righteous man knows the feelings
of beasts.” He gives them credit for feelings; he does not look upon them as
merely so much animated matter
but as standing in some relation to himself
and the more complete his ownership the more considerate ought to be his
treatment even of the beasts he owns. Even when the wicked man supposes himself
to be merciful there is cruelty in his tenderness. A wicked man cannot be gentle.
Men should remember this
and distrust all the gentleness which is supposed to
attach to men who are without conscience. The tenderness of such men is an
investment
is a political trick
is a bait to catch the unwary
is an element
of speculation. Rowland Hill used to say
in his quaint way
that he would not
value any man’s religion whose cat and dog were not the better for his piety.
This is the beauty of the Christian religion: it flows throughout the whole
life
it ramifies in every department of the existence and carries with it
softness
purity
sympathy
kindness. The young lions roar
and get their meat
from God. The universe must be looked upon as a great household belonging to
the Almighty
regulated by His power and His wisdom
and intended to exemplify
the beneficence of His providence. Life is a mystery which remains unsolved
bringing with it claims which none can safely or religiously set aside. (J.
Parker
D.D.)
The duty of mercy to animals
If we look in the final
total
and eternal teachings of Scripture
for our moral standard
nothing is more clear than that mercy is one of the
chief duties of man
as it is one of the main attributes of God. In the deluge
provision is made that the animals should be saved as well as man; and in the
renewed covenant we know that God said (Genesis 9:2). Thus early is attention
called to the connection of animals with man
the use of animals to man
and
the dominion over animals by man. God’s care for them
man’s duty to them
are
constantly inculcated. Take
for instance
the Mosaic law. How exquisite is the
consideration which it shows for the creatures of God’s hand! “If a bird’s nest
chance to be before thee
thou shalt not take the dam with the young
that it
may be well with thee
and that thou mayest prolong thy days.” Did any other
lawgiver like the mighty Moses thus care for the curlew in the furrow and the
mother-linnet in the brake? “Thou shalt not seethe the kid in its mother’s
milk. I am the Lord.” “Thou shalt not muzzle the ox when he treadeth out the
corn.” Why? Doth God care for oxen? Assuredly He does
for His are “the cattle
upon a thousand hills.” “Thou shalt not plough with an ox and an ass together.”
Why not? Because it is contrary to the law of natural justice
since
if the
two animals be yoked together
an unfair share of the burden must fall upon the
one or upon the ether. Could God have taught more clearly to us than He thus
did by the mouth of the great leader of His people that we must be merciful
because our Father in heaven is merciful? Turn again to the fresh
bright
vivid poetry of the Psalmist of Israel. How beautiful
how tender
throughout
the Psalms
are the repeated allusions to the world of creatures! Or turn again
to that magnificent
dramatic
and philosophic poem of the Book of Job. The
care of God and the love of God for the creatures He has made convince Job of
God’s care for him. Turn again to the calmer and graver wisdom of the wise King
Solomon. “There be four things which are little upon the earth
but they are
exceeding wise” (Proverbs 30:24-28). And when we turn to
the New Testament we find
as we should have expected
that this perfect love
for all God’s creatures appears most fully and tenderly in the words and
teaching of the Lord Himself. The lessons of the wise earthly king are taught
us with creeping and laborious creatures. He made the bee and the ant teach
their lessons to us; but the heavenly King taught us rather from those birds of
the air
which “toil not
nor spin
” but are employed
like angels
in offices
of love and praise. There is nothing in all human language more touching and
more beautiful than Christ’s illustration of God’s tenderness in the works of
nature
the flowers of the field
and the creatures of the air. Here is a
legend of Christ
which may be no legend
but a true story: By the hot
roadside
in the blistering sunlight
the vultures eyeing it
and ready in a
moment to sweep down upon it with their foetid wings
lay a dead dog--one of
the hated
despised
ownerless dogs of an Eastern city--a dead pariah dog
the
most worthless thing
you might think
that all creation contained--a pitiable
and unlovely spectacle; and round it were gathered a crowd of the wretched
loathing idlers of the place--coarse
pitiless
ready
like all the basest of
mankind
to feed their eyes on misery and on ugliness
as flesh-flies settle on
a wound. And one kicked it
and another turned it over with his foot
and
another pushed it with his staff
and each had his mean
unpitying gibe at the
carcase of the dead
helpless
miserable creature which God had made. Then
suddenly
there fell an awe-struck silence on these cruel
empty triflers; for
they saw One approach them whom they knew
and whom
because He was sinless
many of them hated while yet they feared. And He came up
and
for a moment
the sad kingly
eyes rested on the dead creature in the blistering sunlight with the vultures
hovering over it
and then He turned His eyes for a moment to the pitiless
idling men who stood there looking at it
and
breaking the silence
He said:
“Its teeth are as white as pearls”; and so He went His way. Where they in their
meanness could gloat on what was foul
and see nothing but its loathliness
His
holy eye--because it was the eye of loving mercy--saw the one thing which still
remained untainted by the deformity of death
and He praised that one thing.
And
leaving them smitten into silent shame before His love and His nobleness
He once more went His way. Turn to the most ancient Greek poems
the “Iliad”
and the “Odyssey” of Homer. In the “Iliad” the horses of the great hero
Achilles weep human tears for their great master’s death. In the “Odyssey” we
have the return of Ulysses
ragged
unknown
desolate
after his twenty years
of wanderings. He is in the guise of a beggar. No one recognised him of all
whom his bounty fed--not his servants
not his wife
not his only son; but Argus
knows him--Argus
the dog with which he has hunted as a boy--Argus cannot
forget him as human beings can. Outstretched
neglected
before the hall door
lies the poor old hound
and he no sooner hears the footsteps of his master
whom he had known as a boy long years before
than he looks up and strives to
crawl to his feet
licks his hand
and dies. And at the saddest moment of
Athenian history
when the people of Athens were flying to Salamis from the
mighty hosts of Xerxes
leaving their desolate homes to be spoiled and burned
the one great nation which raised an altar to pity had time to remember and to
record how one poor dog swam all the way across the straits of the salt sea
after the boat which carried his master to the island shore. And the Jews
too
had well learned this lesson of their great books. The historian of the book of
Tobit is not afraid to tell us that when the Jewish boy left his father’s house
for his long and perilous journey his dog went with him; and how
when he
returned with the friendly angel
the dog still followed the angel and the
youth. One of the most celebrated of all the rabbis
the writer of the
earliest.and most sacred part of the Talmud
was Rabbi Judah the Holy. He was
afflicted with intermittent agonies
and the Talmud tells us this legend of
him: On one occasion a calf destined for sacrifice fled lowing to him
and
thrust his head upon the rabbi’s knees. “Go
” said the rabbi
pushing the
animal from him; “for sacrifice is thy destiny.” “Lo!” said the angels of God
“the rabbi is pitiless; let suffering come upon him.” And he was smitten with
sickness. But on another occasion
when his servant was dusting his room
she
disturbed a brood of young kittens. “Let them alone
” said the rabbi
kindly;
“disturb them not
because it is written
‘God’s tender mercies are over all
His works.’” “Ah
” said the angels
“he has learned pity now; and
therefore
let his sufferings cease.” All the best Christian history is full of the spirit
of mercy; all the saints of God
without exception
have been kind to animals
as most bad men have been unkind. It was observed in the earliest centuries of
Christianity that the hermits living in the desert their pure and simple and
gentle lives had strange power over the wild creatures. Those quiet and holy
men so controlled them that the creatures near them lost their wildness
and
the fawn would come to them
and the lion harmed them not. Some of God’s
holiest saints in later times had this strange
sweet gift of inspiring animals
with the confidence which they had before--to our shame--they had been taught
distrust by the cruelties and treacheries of fallen man. So it was with St.
Francis of Assisi. He called all creatures his brethren and his sisters. “My
little sisters
” he said to the twittering swallows who disturbed him by
chasing each other through the blue Italian sky
as he preached in the open air
in the market-place of Vercelli--“my little sisters
you have said your say;
now be silent
and let me preach to the people.” We are told how on one
occasion he gave up his own robe to save two lambs which were being led to the
slaughter; how a little lamb was one of his daily companions
and how he
sometimes preached upon its innocence to the people. At Gubbio a leveret was
brought to him
and when he saw the little creature his heart at once was
moved. “Little brother leveret
” he said
“why hast thou let thyself be taken?”
And when the little trembler escaped from the hands of the brother who was
holding it and fled for refuge to the folds of the robe of St. Francis
he set
it free. A wild rabbit which he took
and afterwards set free
still returned
to his bosom as though it had some sense of the pitifulness of his heart. On
another occasion he put back into the water a large tench which a fisherman had
given him
and he bade it swim away; “but
” says the legend
“the fish lingered
by the boat until the prayers of St. Francis were ended
for the saint obtained
great honour from God in the love and obedience of His creatures.” (Dean
Farrar.)
A righteous man regardeth the life of his beast
It is said of God that He remembered Noah
and every beast (Genesis 8:1); yea
such is His merciful
providence
that He watcheth not only over men
but beasts; and a righteous man
regardeth the life of his beast. Nay
Xenocrates
a very heathen
who had no
other light but what the dim spectacles of nature did afford
is commended for
his pitiful heart
who succoured in his bosom a poor sparrow that
being
pursued by a hawk
fled unto him
and afterwards let her go
saying that he had
not betrayed his poor suppliant. And such is the goodness of every just man
that he is merciful to his very beast; alas
it cannot declare its wants
nor
tell its grievances
otherwise than by mourning in its kind; so that to an
honest heart its dumbness is a loud language
crying out for relief. This made
David rather venture upon a lion than lose a lamb (1 Samuel 17:34). Jacob will endure
heat by day
and cold by night
rather than neglect his flocks (Genesis 31:40). Moses will fight with
odds rather than the cattle shall perish with thirst (Exodus 2:1-25.). It is only Balaam and
Bedlam-Balaamites that want this mercy to their faultless beast; and it is ill
falling into their hands whom the very beasts find unmerciful. (J.
Spencer.)
Kindness to animals
Two ladies well known in New York were spending the summer at
Newport. They were in the habit of ordering a carriage from a livery stable
and were always driven by the same coachman
a cab-driver whose name was Burns.
One day Burns very suddenly pulled up his horses and turned abruptly to one
side of the road. The ladies were alarmed
and
leaning out
inquired what was
the matter. Burns replied that there was a little lame bird in the road
which
he had very nearly run over. He was just about getting off the box to remove
the little creature from its dangerous position
when one of the ladies
wishing him to remain in charge of the horses
stepped from the carriage
and
picking up the bird
which was a young one
discovered its leg was broken. Her
first thought was to take it home and keep it till it was quite strong again
but Burns advised her to put it on the other side of the fence on the grass
where the mother bird could find it
and nature would heal the broken leg. They
decided to do this
so the bird was left in a safe place and the driver resumed
his journey. The story of the kind-hearted coachman was told until it reached
Mrs. John Jacob Astor
who was much touched by it
saying a man who did that
little act of mercy would surely be kind to horses
and as her husband was in
need of a coachman she would try to get Burns for the position. The end of the
story is that Burns was duly installed as Mr. Astor’s coachman.
Consideration for animals
I am sure that if donkeys or goats could speak they would
say
“Be kind to us. We will work for you
and go as far and as fast as we can
if only you won’t drive us beyond our strength
and lay those cruel sticks
across our poor thin backs! Then
don’t make us stand
for hours perhaps
in a
burning sun without a drop of water
while you are playing marbles with your
friends. You could not run about as you do now if you had no breakfast and no
dinner: then how can you expect us to work hard and carry heavy children one
after the other till we are ready to drop
unless you feed us properly?” (M.
Sewell.)
Cruelty to an animal
I always tremble when I see a cruel boy. I feel sure he
will
if he lives
grow up to be a wicked man. A brutal boy once saw his
sister’s two pet rabbits running about the garden. He took one up by the ears
and threw it into the air. It came down on a piece of stone and lay bleeding on
the ground till it died. Years after the sister visited that brother in prison
just before his execution for murder. Do you remember the bleeding rabbit
Mary?” he said
weeping; “I have been cruel ever since.” (M. Sewell.)
He that tilleth his land shall be satisfied with bread.
The law of labour
It is no mercy to be freed from the law of labour. Nor is it God
that frees a man from that law. Among the opulent there are some who break the
law of labour
and some who keep it. They keep it by working in their own province
in that state of life into which it has pleased God to call them. There is
brain-toil as well as hand-toil; the wear and tear of the mental energies tend
more to shorten life than the ordinary labourer’s wear and tear of body. Some
kind of labour is enjoined upon all
by a law of God’s own framing. There is
division of labour
but it is a labour nevertheless. Woe to him who craves an
idle life
who would slumber existence away in listless reverie! The truth of
the text is forcible
whether taken literally or applied spiritually. A
contrast is drawn between the industrious and the loiterer. Solomon uses the
words “wise” and “foolish
” and their kindred terms
in a deep spiritual
sense--moral as well as mental
religious as well as intellectual. The fool is
he who acts without reference to the Divine above him
and the everlasting
before him. As we dare not let things take their course in our worldly
business
so neither in our spiritual. Christianity is meant to hallow life in
all its phases--to hallow business
labour
recreation. The Sabbath of the
Christian is a life-long Sabbath
an every-day Sabbath. Bishop Taylor reminds
us that the “life of every man may be so ordered that it may be a perpetual
serving of God--the greatest trouble
and most busy trade
and worldly
encumbrances
when they are necessary
or charitable
or profitable
being
a-doing God’s work. For God provides the good things of the world to serve the
needs of nature
by the labours of the ploughman
the skill and pains of the
artisan
and the dangers and traffic of the merchant. Idleness is called the
sin of Sodom and her daughters
and indeed is the burial of a living man.” The
text suggests two pictures. In the one we have the persevering husbandman
who
loses no time
who works with a good heart
and at last enjoys a noble harvest.
In the other we have a slothful spendthrift
who whiles away life’s sunshine by
basking in it
leaving the evening to care for itself
and heedless of coming
night. But it is important to remember that no earthly seed-corn will produce
fruit for another world--therefore the seed-corn must be supplied from the
heavenly storehouse by the heavenly husbandman--it must be indigenous to the
skies
an exotic upon earth. If thou be in earnest for God
He will multiply
thy seed sown
and increase the fruits of thy righteousness. (Francis Jacox
B.A.)
Manly industry and parasitical indolence
I. Manly industry.
1. He has manly industry indicated. Agriculture is the oldest
divinest
healthiest
and most necessary branch of human industry.
2. He has manly
industry rewarded. Skilled industry is seldom in want.
II. Parasitical
indolence..
1. There are those who hang on others for their support.
2. Such persons are fools. They sacrifice self-respect. They expose
themselves to degrading annoyances. (Homilist.)
There is great moral value in being well employed
The idle classes are waiting to become the vicious classes.
This is vividly illustrated by the well-known story of a friendless girl who
about three generations ago
was thrown upon the world
uncared for. Her
children and children’s children came to number over a hundred
desperate and
dangerous men and women of crime. No record of earth can tell how many a bright
young man or woman thrown out of employ has become a centre of equally dark and
ever-widening circles. (Washington Gladden.)
The fate of drones
It will be profitable to idle people to observe the arrangement
whereby nature condemns the drones to death in the bee community. No sooner is
the business of swarming ended
and the worker-bees satisfied there will be no
lack of fertile queens
when issues the terrible edict for the massacre of the
drones. Poor fellows! It is to be hoped they comfort themselves with the
reflection that their fate is an everlasting homily
presented by nature in
dogmatical but most effective fashion
of the uselessness of all who labour not
for their living. If one must die for the good of one’s kind
by all means let
it be as a martyr. Poor fellows! how they dart in and out
and up and down the
hive
in the vain hope of escape! The workers are inexorable. (Scientific
Illustrations.)
The wicked desireth the net of evil men: but the root of the
righteous yieldeth fruit.
The crafty and the honest
I. Craftiness.
1. Craft is an instinct of wickedness: No true Christian is a
hypocrite. The better a man is
the less temptation he has to disguise himself. A
wicked man must be hypocritical in proportion to his wickedness. Sin is ever
cunning; wisdom alone is free.
2. Craftiness is no security against ruin. Lies are the language of
craftiness. One lie leads on to another
until the man is involved in
contradictions
and falls and founders.
II. Honesty.
1. Honesty is strong in its own strength. It has a root. It lives by
its own natural force and growth.
2. Honesty will extricate from difficulties. The just man may get
into trouble
but by his upright principles
under God
he shall come out of
them. “Honesty is the best policy.” (D. Thomas
D.D.)
The wicked is snared by the transgression of his lips.
Lies
the snare that liars are caught in
The Supreme has set many snares
in the constitution of things
for the detection and punishment of evil-doers. The liar’s own tongue betrays
him. In some of its movements
ere he is aware
it touches the spring which
brings down the avenging stroke. It is instructive to read with this view the
detailed account of a criminal trial. In the faltering and fall of a false
witness you should see and reverence the righteousness of God. When a man is
not true
the great labour of his life must be to make himself appear true; but
if a man be true
he need not concern himself about appearances. He may go
forward
and tread boldly; his footing is sure. (R. F. Horton
D.D.)
A man shall be satisfied with good by the fruit of his mouth: and
the recompense of a man’s hands shall be rendered unto him.
Obedience to God’s will and its fruits
Wheresoever goodness is
whether it bridle our tongue
or guide
our hand
or regulate our fancy
it carries its satisfaction
its recompense
along with it. Our songs of praise echo back again upon us; the works of our
hands follow us
and fill us with joy; and our thoughts
if goodness raise
them
are comforts. Goodness
whether in thought
word
or deed
will satisfy
us
that is
fill us with joy; and nothing will satisfy us but goodness. The
argument will hold a contrario: if that which is good
satisfy us
then that which is evil cannot.
I. Goodness doth
satisfy.
1. This we cannot doubt
if we know what goodness is
and consider
the nature of it
and the fountain from whence it springs. For it flows from
God. It is a beam from that Eternal Light
an emanation from God Himself. The
nearer goodness carrieth to the fountain of goodness
the more satisfaction it
brings with it
and the fuller is our cup. Without God we cannot be happy in
heaven itself
nay
without Him there could be no heaven.
2. As we draw an argument from piety
so may we draw another from the
love of it. As Augustine saith
“We do not only love goodness
but even the
love with which we embrace it
and delight in both.” Joy and satisfaction is a
resultancy from love. That which we love is also the joy of our heart.
3. If the bare opinions of piety
in those who are not yet made
perfect
satisfy
though it be but for a while
then piety itself will satisfy
much more. If the shadow hath this operation
what hath the substance
the
thing itself! If a form of godliness
then much more godliness in its full
power
will fill and satisfy us.
II. Nothing else
can satisfy us but goodness. It is the prerogative of goodness and piety to be
alone in this work.
1. Satisfaction is but a name on earth.
2. Such is the nature and quality of the soul
that it is not
fashioned nor proportioned to the things of this world.
3. God hath imprinted in the soul and in the very nature of man an
“infinite and insatiable desire
” which cannot be satisfied with anything that
the world can present. The soul which is made capable of God
can be satisfied
with nothing but God.
4. In wickedness
impiety
the licentiousness of the tongue
and the
wantonness of the hands
no satisfaction can possibly be found.
5. To show how unsatisfying a thing sin is
you may behold it
tormenting the wicked man
and that not only after the act
but also before and
in it
first forbidding itself
then perplexing him in the act
and after
gnawing the heart.
Application:
1. If the fruit of our hands and lips be that alone which can satisfy
us
let us then be up and doing
buckle on the armour of light
and quench
every fiery dart of Satan.
2. Let us level our actions and endeavours on this
and not spend and
waste ourselves on that which is not bread
and will never fill us.
3. If nothing will satisfy us but righteousness and piety
we need
not consult what we are to choose here.
4. If this be the prerogative of goodness
godliness
to be alone in
this work
then let her have prerogative also in our hearts
and exercise full
power
and authority
and dominion over our desires. (A. Farindon
B.D.)
Retributions of the lip and life
I. The
retributions of the lip. Speech
to be good
must be--
1. Sincere.
2. Truthful.
3. Benevolent. How will such speech satisfy a man?
II. The
retributions of the life. The hand here stands for the whole conduct of life.
It means that man should receive the reward of his works. And this is
inevitable--
1. From the law of causation.
2. From the law of conscience.
3. From the law of righteousness. There is justice in the universe. (Homilist.)
Mischievous language
The language of keen irritation
reproach
invective and
scorn
often inflicts wounds on the heart that are deep and hard of
cure--wounds “like the piercings of a sword.” This is especially the case when
the words are from the lips of a friend
or of one we love
when heated by
sudden passion. Wit
too
when not chastened and controlled by an amiable
disposition
often wounds deeply. Jibes
jests
irony
raillery
and sarcasm
fly about. No matter what the wounds
or where they be inflicted
if the wit be
but shown. A happy hit
a clever
biting repartee
will not be suppressed for
the sake of the feelings
or even the character
of a neighbour
or
as it may
happen
of a friend The man of wit must have his joke
cost what it may. The
point may be piercing in the extreme; but if it glitters
it is enough; to the
heart it will go. Such a man is feared
hated
avoided. (R. Wardlaw.)
The fruit of the mouth
The word which issues out of the lips is the greatest power in
human life. Words will change the currents of life. On the use of the tongue
depend the issues of a man’s own life. Such fruits as a man’s tongue bears
a
man must eat. If his words have been good
then he shall be satisfied with good
by the fruit of his mouth. The fool’s lips are always coming into strife
and his
mouth is always calling for stripes. His lips are the snare of his soul. An old
proverb says
“A fool’s tongue is always long enough to cut his own throat.”
1. The tongue is a fruitful source of quarrelling and discord. A fool
cannot hide his vexation
but must immediately blurt it out with the tongue
and make mischief.
2. The tongue is the instrument of lying. It is the tongue which by
false witness so often condemns the innocent.
3. Closely allied to lying is flattery
which is always a mistake.
4. Another evil use of the tongue is whispering and tale-bearing.
Disclosing the secret of another is a sure way of incurring reproach and
lasting infamy.
5. The tongue is sometimes employed to plot
plan
and execute
mischief.
6. More pardonable vices are rashness and inopportuneness of speech.
Yet these are evil enough in their way.
7. We need caution against excessive speech. There are good and
beautiful uses of the tongue. It is the instrument of peace-making
of wise
reproof
of the instruction of the innocent
and the championship of the distressed. (R.
F. Horton
D. D.)
A fool’s wrath is presently known: but a prudent man covereth
shame.
Wrath as shame
The wise man here uses a very observable word
to express wrath.
He calls it shame
for it is a shame for a man to suffer his reason to
be tyrannised over by an
unruly passion
which spreads deformity over his countenance
and hurries him
on to expressions and actions more like those of one confined in bedlam than
one who is supposed to have the use of his reason. A fool disgraces himself by
giving way to the impetuous sallies of passion. He discovers his temporary
madness by his pale countenance
his quivering lips
and his flashing eyes.
“But a prudent man covereth shame.” When he finds his passions beginning to
ferment
he does not give them full scope
but considers whether he does well
to be angry
and how far it is lawful and safe for him to give way to this
turbulent passion. He does not cover his wrath
that it may have time to work
and draw the powers of reason into its service
that it may break forth with
more effect on another occasion--but covers it
that he may have time to
suppress and destroy it
by considering its folly and wickedness
by meditating
on the example and grace of Christ
and by fervent supplications for the
support and assistance of the spirit of meekness. By such means as these the
prudent man preserves
his own honour
and covers the shame of his neighbour
who is likely to be
gained by gentleness and meekness. (G. Lawson.)
The tongue of the wise is health.
Healthy and unhealthy speech
Some men pride themselves on the pungency of their speech. They
delight in sharp answers
keen retorts
quick repartees
and boast themselves
when they cut their opponents in two. There are others who are gifted in the
expression of complaint
reproach
and criticism against the whole providence
of life. They can say sharp and bitter things about God and man
and they can
be satisfied because of the edge
of their own epigram
no matter against whom or against what that edge is directed. The tongue
of the wise man is slower
but healthier; the wise man weighs his words: he is
anxious to be associated only with judgments that can be confirmed by
experience and illustrated by wisdom. The wise man speaks healthily--that is to
say
he speaks out of the abundance of his own health
and he speaks in a way
that will double and strengthen the health of others. To come near him is to
ascend a mountain and breathe the freshest air of heaven
or to go down by the
seashore and receive messages across the great deeps
full of vigour
and
truth
and strengthening influence. Wise men keep society healthy. But for
their presence it would stagnate
and go from one degree of corruption to
another until it became wholly pestilential. There are two speakers in the
text
to the end of time there will probably be two speakers in the world--the
critical speaker and the judicial
speaker; the man all sharpness and the man all thankfulness. The business of
Christian discipline is to tame the tongue
to chasten it
to teach it the
speech of wisdom
and to instruct it as to the right time of utterance and the right
time of silence. (J. Parker
D.D.)
The lip of truth shall be established for ever.
Truthfulness
I. The
righteousness of truth (Proverbs 12:17). The highest and only
proper use of speech is to show the right. It may be used to set forth--
1. Right views of God (Psalms 11:2; John 17:25-26; Romans 3:21-22).
2. Right views of personal experience (Psalms 66:16).
3. Right estimates of character. Testimonials should be given with
great caution.
4. Right statements as to the value of articles of merchandise.
5. Right expositions of Scripture. Some “wrest” the Scriptures (2 Peter 3:16); others make them void
by their traditions (Mark 7:13); others handle them
deceitfully (2 Corinthians 4:2); but the
God-taught expositor aims at “the manifestation of the truth.”
II. The wholesomeness
of truth (Proverbs 12:18). Foolish speech often
wounds
but in the word of wisdom is healing. Healthy doctrine produces healthy
living
and thus it becomes its
own advocate.
III. The stability
of truth (Proverbs 12:19). “Truth
like cork
will
be uppermost one time or other
though an effort be made to keep it under
water.” Time is on the side of truth
and so is eternity. There has been an
abundant establishment of--
1. The testimony of prophets.
2. Words spoken by the opponents of error. Lies often die hard
but
sooner or later they die surely.
IV. The safety of
truth. We may be afraid to be wrong
but should never be afraid to be right.
V. The reward of
truth (Proverbs 12:22.) (H. Thorne.)
The lip of truth
There was once a little boy named Duncan. The boys used to call
him “True Duncan” because he would never tell a lie. One day he was playing
with an axe in the schoolyard. The axe was used for cutting wood for the
schoolroom fire in winter. While Duncan was chopping a stick
the teacher’s
cat
“Old Tabby
” came and leaped on to the log of wood where Duncan was at
work. He had raised the axe to cut the wood
but it fell on the cat and killed
her. What to do he knew not. She was the master’s pet cat
and used to sit on a
cushion at his side while he was hearing the boys’ lessons. Duncan stood
looking at poor Tabby. His face grew red and the tears stood in his eyes. All
the boys came running up
and every one had something to say. One of them was
heard whispering to the others
“Now
boys
let us see if Duncan can’t make up
a fib as well as the rest of us.” “Not he
” said Tom Brown
who was Duncan’s
friend
“not he
I’ll warrant. Duncan will be as true as gold.” John Jones
stepped up and said
“Come
boys
let us fling the cat into the lane
and we
can tell Mr. Cole that the butcher’s dog killed her. You know that he worried
her last week.” Some of them thought that would do very well. But Duncan looked
quite angry; his cheek swelled and his face grew redder than before. “No
no
”
said he. “Do you think I would say that? It would be a lie--a lie!” Each time
he used the word his voice grew louder. Then he took up the poor thing and
carried her into the master’s room. The boys followed to see what would happen.
The master looked up and said
“What? is this my poor Tabby killed? Who could have
done me such an injury?” All were silent for a little while. As soon as Duncan
could get his voice he said
“Mr. Cole
I am very sorry I killed poor Tabby.
Indeed
sir
I am very sorry
I ought to have been more careful
for I saw her
rubbing herself against the log. I am more sorry than I can tell
sir.” Every
one expected to see Mr. Cole get very angry
take down his cane and give Duncan
a sound thrashing. But instead of that he put on a pleasant smile and said
“Duncan
you are a brave boy. I saw and heard all that passed in the yard from
my window above. I am glad to see such an example of truth and honour in my
school.” Duncan took out his handkerchief and wiped his eyes. The boys could
not keep silence any longer
and when Tom Brown cried
“Three cheers for True
Duncan!” they all joined and made the schoolhouse ring with a mighty hurrah.
The teacher then said
“My boys
I am glad you know what is right and that you
approve it
though I am afraid some of you could not have done it. Learn from
this time that nothing can make a lie necessary. Suppose Duncan had taken your
evil advice and come to me with a lie
it would have been instantly detected
and instead of the honour of truth he would have had only the shame of
falsehood.” (Sunday School.)
But a lying tongue is but
for a moment.--
The doomed life of a lie
It is “but for a moment.” Dean Swift complains that the influence
of a lie is often mischievously lasting; so often does it happen that if a lie
be believed
only for an hour
it has done its work
and there is no further
occasion for it. But the inherent mortality of whatever is false is recognised
in other proverbs than those of Solomon
e.g.
the English
proverb
“A lie has no legs.” “A lie
in that it is a lie
always carries
within itself the germs of its own dissolution. It is sure to destroy itself at
last.” Carlyle says
“There is no lie in the long run successful. The hour of
all windbags does arrive; every windbag is at length ripped
and collapses.”
“Lies exist only to be extinguished; they wait and cry earnestly for
extinction.” “Ruin is the great sea of darkness whither all falsehoods
winding
or direct
continually flow.” “Nothing
” affirms a political philosopher
of an
earlier and quite another school
“can give stability and durable uniformity to
error. Indolence or ignorance may keep it floating
as it were
on the surface
of the mind
and sometimes hinder truth from penetrating; or force may maintain
it in possession
while the mind assents to it no longer. But such opinions
like human bodies
tend to dissolution from their birth . . . Men are dragged
into them
and held down in them
by chains of circumstances. Break but these
chains
and the mind returns with a kind of intellectual elasticity to its
proper object--truth.” (Francis Jacox
B.A.)
Skill in telling lies
The lying tongue succeeds indeed
but its success is momentary; it
flashes and expires; it has a clear
straightforward story to tell
but events
come
and cross-examine that story
and set it in proper distance and perspective;
alliances to which the story owed its consistency are broken up
and evil men
begin to divulge secrets regarding one another; piece by piece the story falls
asunder
and at the end it is found that it was the fabrication of a malignant
genius. Be sure you are true yourselves
and have a true purpose in view
and
all discrepancies
inconsistencies
and difficulties will ultimately be
smoothed down
and men will be brought to acknowledge the integrity of your
heart. Be as skilful as you please in the way of telling lies
arrange
everything with consummate cunning
hire all your allies
bribe your spies
and
make your way clear by abundance of gold
and yet in the long run your
confederates will turn against you
and they to whom you have given most money
will be glad to expose your cupidity and falsehood. (J. Parker
D.D.)
Truth more enduring than falsehood
Truth wears well. Time tests it
but it right well endures the
trial. If
then
I have spoken the truth
and have for the present to suffer
for it
I must be content to wait. If also I believe the truth of God
and
endeavour to declare it
I may meet with much opposition
but I need not fear
for ultimately the truth must prevail. What a poor thing is the temporary
triumph of falsehood! “A lying lip is but for a moment!” It is a mere gourd
which comes up in a night
and perishes in a night; and the greater its
development
the more manifest its decay. On the other hand
how worthy of an
immortal being is the avowal and defence of that truth which can never change;
the everlasting gospel
which is established in the immutable truth of an
unchanging God! An old proverb says
“He that speaks truth shames the devil.”
Assuredly he that speaks the truth of God will put to shame all the devils in
hell
and confound all the seed of the serpent which now hiss out their
falsehoods. Oh
my heart
take care that thou be in all things on the side of
truth
both in small things and great; but specially on the side of Him by whom
grace and truth have come among men! (C. H. Spurgeon.)
Deceit is in the heart of them that imagine evil.
A denunciation of wicked men
I. A description
of their persons.
1. They are evil-doers
but more especially
the practiser
the
artificer in evil; one wholly bent upon sin; the body and mind occupied in
executing and acting corrupt desires.
2. Nor is every evil aimed at
but evil in a high degree
evil
against others--mischief.
3. This man is subtle in his evil. He is a cunning workman
sly
subtle
and close devising and effecting his mischief. Like a witty
handicraftsman
he is most silent when he is most upon his inventions. It is a
sign of an extreme wicked man
to be an inventor of evil
a plotter and deviser
of mischief. As a
coney-catcher lives by his wits
so sin and sinners by their wiles. But whence
this?
II. The condition
of these persons. Their deceit returns into the heart that first hatched it
i.e.
brings certain woe and unavoidable mischief on themselves
to the
breaking of their own hearts. Whence note
that the greatest workers of sin and
mischief are greatest workers of their own woe.
1. There is no small heaviness and unquietness in the heart while it
is plotting and hammering evil.
2. Whomsoever they deceive
they cannot deceive God
who will make
them the greatest deceivers of themselves.
3. How just it is
that what pleasure they conceive in inventing
mischief
they should lose it by the fruit of their mischievous inventions.
4. Sin is a sure paymaster
and her wages are death.
5. The sorrow of their sin comes with much and daily addition
and
pierces the man’s heart as a sword. Beware of devising mischief against the
Church of God
His servants and holy religion. Consider hereunto--
Self-deceit
The word rendered “deceit” may be understood as including
deceit practised on a man’s self as well as on others
and here it may have the
sense of self-deceit. Eminent translators have rendered the word
in its
present connection
disappointment; frustrated hope. Those who “imagine evil”
dare not avow their designs. Dissimulation and craft are productive of
incessant apprehension and anxiety. They necessarily engender
self-dissatisfaction and tremor
and that from the very dread of detection
frustration
and consequent evil to themselves
instead of to those against
whom they were plotting. (R. Wardlaw.)
There shall no evil happen to the just.
The security of the faithful
The things which distinguish us most try us most. Those attributes
of our nature which serve to mark its superiority
serve also to evince its
liability to trouble. The animal tribes
as they have no capacity for reviewing
the past
so have they no power of anticipating the future. And hence they have
no dread
in the strict sense
of coming evils. But we can look forward. We can
busy ourselves in thought and imagination with days to come. Yet the heavier
half of the cares and anxieties that we have to bear are connected with this
faculty. The afflictions we fear often distress us more than the afflictions we
lie under. But God
who gave us our being
knows this
and has provided against
it in His Word. Does not this text meet our whole case? Amidst all disasters
the good may be confident and calm. What is the significance of this assurance?
It cannot be taken literally. Evil in the sense of earthly calamity
sorrow and
trial is the lot of all. What
then
does the text mean? Things which are evil
in themselves do not
as such
fall upon the people of God. For them the curse
is turned into a blessing. A divine process of transmutation takes place in the
case of every ill that befalls a child of God
and the ill becomes a good.
Illustrate this--
1. From cases of personal affliction of mind
or of body
or of both.
2. Adverse circumstances.
3. Bereavements. This subject teaches the goodness of Divine
providence; and it tranquillizes us under present trials. (C. M. Merry.)
No evil to the just
The word “just” was a term used anciently in connection with the
chase
and meant the equal dividing of the prey procured by hunting among those
that took part in the pursuit. It means to do right
to try to be harmless.
Though the just man sometimes come short of the mark
his prevailing
disposition and aim are to be and to do right. He is studious to do right. To
such a man
it is declared
no evil shall happen. How are we to understand
this?
1. Whatever evil comes to a just man cannot happen in the sense of
coming by chance. There is a government of God over the affairs of men
and
therefore nothing takes place by accident or chance. No evil can come to the
just man that does not come designedly
or permissively
in the course of
providence.
2. To a just man no evil can come that is not controlled and
overruled for his good. “All things work together for good to them that love
God.”
3. This is true in relation to helping others
as well as himself.
Those who have suffered themselves are the better prepared to sympathise with
and help their fellow-creatures that suffer.
4. No permanent evil can come to a just man. Then--
Lying lips are abomination to the Lord.
On lying
Man excels the rest of the creatures in the power of communicating
thoughts one to another. The creatures are taught
by nature
almost
immediately
how to supply their wants. But we are purposely formed to need and
to give help in everything
through the whole of our days; and therefore some
ready and extensive method of signifying mutually whatever passes within our
minds was peculiarly necessary for us. Without this no person would have more
knowledge of anything than he could attain of himself. The pleasure and
benefits of society would be reduced to a narrow compass
and life hang upon
our hands joyless and uncomfortable. Articulate speech
our more distinguishing
property
is our chief medium of intercourse. As every blessing may be fatally
misused
so there is hardly any bad purpose which language may not be made to
serve. It can be turned from its original design of giving right information to
those with whom we converse to the opposite one of leading them wrong.
I. What things are
to be reputed lies and what not.
1. Since actions and gestures
as well as words
may be employed to
express what we think
they may also be employed to express what we do not
think
which is the essence of a lie. Some of our actions are naturally significative.
But we have never consented to make our actions in general signs of our
intentions
as we have our words. If persons interpret our actions they may
deceive them not. Such actions as have no determinate sense appropriated to
them by agreement
explicit or implied
can be no violations of sincerity; but
such as have are subject to just the same rules with words; and we may be guilty of as gross
falsehoods in the former as in the latter.
2. Words having acquired their significations by the mutual acquiescence of
mankind may change them by the same method. Illustrate by words”humble” and
“servant.” The high-strained expressions of civility which are so common
however innocent now
proceeded originally from a mean and fawning and
fallacious disposition in those who began them
and tended to nurse up vanity
and haughtiness in those to whom they were addressed. As for phrases
of which
custom hath changed or annihilated the signification
though
after this is
done
they are no longer lies
yet they were lies all the time it was doing;
and every new step taken in the same road will be a new lie till everybody
finds it out and learns the fashionable interpretation of it. Great care must
therefore be taken to prevent our “language running into a lie.”
3. As to all figures of speech
fables
allegories
feigned
histories
and parables
those for instance of our blessed Saviour
and others
in Scripture
intended only to convey instruction more agreeably or
efficaciously
there is evidently no room to condemn these as deceits. But the
case is widely different when persons
with all the marks of seriousness
affirm what they will afterwards despise and ridicule others for believing.
These are plainly designed falsehoods
and in a greater or less degree
injurious
ones. This is “foolish talking
and jesting not convenient.”
4. Concerning ambiguous phrases
which in one acceptation express our
meaning truly
but in another do not
it must be observed that when we are
bound
by promise or otherwise
to declare what we know or believe in any case
we are bound to declare it in such terms as are likely to be well understood.
And even when we are not thus bound we should speak of things
if we can
safely
with plainness and simplicity. There may be reason for reservedness
towards some persons
even in trifles. When silence will not conceal a thing
which ought to be concealed
it must be allowable to speak upon the subject in
such a manner as to leave that part in obscurity which is not fit to be
revealed. When we design only to keep a man ignorant of a fact it is his own
fault if he will also believe a fancy. But if we go further
and lay snares for
him; if we give assurances which
in their obvious and universal acceptation
are false
but only have a latent forced construction
in which
after all
they just may be true
this is equivocation
and cannot be defended.
II. The pleas which
are urged to justify some sorts of direct lying. Some say that speech was given
to mankind solely for their common benefit; nor consequently is it ever used
amiss when it contributes to that end. This opinion they try to confirm by
several instances of falsehoods which good persons are recorded in Scripture to
have uttered knowingly. But some actions may be praised in holy writ on the whole
without the least intention of approving the circumstances of insincerity
or
other imperfections
with which they were accompanied. Others say that because
of our mutual relation we ought to consult our mutual advantage; and where
adhering to truth will not promote this
falsehood may be justly substituted.
But we feel a natural reluctance in our consciences to lying and deceiving
as
such
without looking forward to consequences. What are those instances in
which
on balancing the two sides of the account
violation of truth is more
beneficial than detrimental to mankind? But what can be said in relation to
cases of peril to property or life? Is falsehood then justifiable? The only
answer is that the cases are rare
and extreme
and even then doubtfully wise.
Better suffer than lie. Take the case of the sick. Prevarication is sometimes
even necessary. It must be owned that
in many of the above-mentioned cases
there are sometimes difficulties
with which we have much more cause to pray
God that we may never be tried than to be confident that we shall judge and act
rightly if we are. But the arguments
were they ever so specious
for the
lawfulness of fraud in seemingly harmless cases
can never prove it lawful in
others of a nature quite contrary. The extreme danger of men’s proceeding in
falsehood to very pernicious lengths
if once they begin
is a most
unanswerable objection against its being permitted in any degree at all. (Abp.
Secker.)
Lying
It is possible to speak against truth and yet not lie
provided we
speak in good faith. It is speaking in bad faith
with conscious purpose of
deceiving
that is a lie. Take the text on the broad general ground that lying
is abomination to the Lord. Take the word in its honest downright form; do not
let us shelter ourselves under smooth expressions--equivocation
prevarication
dissembling
simulation
untruthfulness--longer words
by which men try to take
the edge from unpleasant facts--but which all in the end point to the same
thing
a want of sincerity. Whatever you may do to soften off the epithet and
description
there remains the text in all its decision and boldness. Nor is
the verdict of man less decisive. Even while they practise it men condemn
lying. Perjury is a crime branded by all governments
heathen as well as
Christian. We apply the word “true” to all that is good and worthy. Is not our
instinctive feeling that truth is the object most worthy of attaining? Its
opposite must be proportionally odious. Consider the mischief which lying
occasions to society. It is by mutual confidence
by faith in the honesty and
purity of each other’s motives
that we live on together. No peace can be where
there is no trust. See some of the sorts of lies which prevail nowadays.
1. White lies--lies glossed over and decorated by fashion; specious
habits of talk
and conventional phrases; justified by necessity
expediency
or the like.
2. Slander. This is not peculiar to our age--witness the cases of
Mephibosheth
Naboth
Jeremiah
the blessed Lord Himself
all victims of false
accusation--but it is not rare in our age.
3. Lies to screen our faults. These are more natural and
intelligible. To escape the consequences of a sin by hiding it seems a tangible
advantage; but is it? Do we gain by cloking one fault with another? Every
right-minded man would have a thousand times more pity for one who owned his
fault and asked forgiveness than for one who tried to elude detection. We are
disgusted with the man who has no self-respect
and no respect for us
who in
using a lie deems us simple enough to be cajoled
and considers the doubling of
his sin preferable to owning himself in the wrong. This is said of sins against
our fellow-men: how much more forcibly it applies to sins against God.
4. Two other modes of lying frequently come before the clergyman.
The nature
malignity
and pernicious effects of falsehood and
lying
Nothing in nature is so universally decried
and yet so
universally practised
as falsehood. A mighty
governing lie goes round the
world
and has almost banished truth out of it. The greatest annoyance and
disturbance of mankind has been from one of these two things
force or fraud;
and force often allies with fraud. It is the tongue that drives the world
before it. It is hard to assign any one thing but lying
which God and man so
unanimously join in the hatred of; and it is hard to tell whether it does a
greater dishonour to God
or mischief to man.
I. The nature of a
lie
and the proper essential malignity of all falsehood. A lie is an outward
signification of something contrary to
or at least beside the inward sense of
the mind. It is a false signification
knowingly and voluntarily used. There are said to be three different kinds of
lie.
1. The pernicious lie
uttered for the hurt or disadvantage of our
neighbour.
2. The officious lie
uttered for our own
or our neighbour’s
advantage.
3. The ludicrous and jocose lie
uttered by way of jest
and only for
mirth’s sake
in common converse. The unlawfulness of lying is grounded upon
this
that a lie
is properly a sort of species of injustice
and a violation of the right of
that person to whom the false speech is directed.
II. The pernicious
effects of lying.
1. It was this introduced sin into the world; and by lying sin is
still propagated and promoted.
2. To it is due all the misery and calamity that befalls mankind.
That which brought sin into the world necessarily brings with it sorrow.
3. Lying tends utterly to dissolve society. The band that knits
together and supports all compacts is truth and faithfulness. Without mutual
trust there could not only be no happiness
but indeed no living in this world.
4. Deceit and falsehood most peculiarly indispose the hearts of men
to the impressions of religion. The very life and soul of all religion is
sincerity.
III. The rewards or
punishments that will assuredly attend
or at least follow
this base practice.
The Bible warning against lying
Three reasons why we ought to mind this warning.
I. Because of what
God thinks about it. There is hardly any form of wickedness against which God
has spoken so often and so strongly in the Bible as He has against lying. To
know what God thinks about lying should lead us to mind the warning against it.
II. Because of what
men think of it. Somebody asked Aristotle what a man could gain by lying. His
answer was “that no one will believe him when he speaks the truth.”
III. Because of the
punishment which must follow lying after death. Whatever the effect of our
lying in this life may be
it will soon be over. The consequences must follow
us after death. (R. Newton
D.D.)
Schoolboy honour
There can be no question that men and women would be far better
than they are if they had been better brought up. If men and women were
themselves better
they would give their children a higher moral training. I feel
bound to bring forward a definite charge of neglect of parental and tutorial
duty against parents and teachers in general. The charge is this: Parents and
teachers too often either connive at
or openly encourage
what is called
in
unconscious irony
“school-boy honour.” What can be said in favour of those
sentiments out of which “school-boy honour” springs?
1. There is something inexpressibly petty and mean in tale-bearing;
in the habit of running to a parent or master with every little complaint of personal
injury or wrong inflicted. It is good for the young to learn to bear small
wrongs and pains from each other
and to learn also how to settle their own
quarrels.
2. There is something mean and cowardly in reporting on the sly the
offences committed by others. This is bad for the informer
who grows into
conceit and priggishness. The sly informer
the whisperer
is really a traitor.
He plays and consorts on equal terms with the rest
who are altogether
unconscious that they have a spy among them. Any one whose sense of duty leads
him to “tell” must have the moral courage to warn the offender previously
to
make his charge publicly
and to be willing to bear all the consequences of his
conscientious act.
3. School-boy honour may represent the noble sentiments of
brotherhood and comradeship. Under existing circumstances
the caste
or
class-feeling
or clanship among boys
demands some principle of mutual loyalty
and defence. Boys ought
within certain limits
to stand by each other. I give
all the praise it deserves to school-boy honour. But in its practical working
and in the extremes
to which mutual protection is carried
it is full of evil
corrupting to the
morals
and tending to obliterate the fine sense of right and wrong which is
often native to the boy’s mind.
A prudent man concealeth knowledge.
Concealing knowledge
I. When it is
opportune (John 16:12).
II. When it is
above the capacity of his hearers (1 Corinthians 2:2).
III. When likely to
be misapplied (Mark 15:5).
IV. When sure of
rejection (Matthew 7:6).
V. When calculated
to injure the brethren (Leviticus 19:16).
VI. When to utter
it would be only for self-display (Proverbs 27:2). (R. A. Griffin.)
The hand of the diligent shall bear rule.
The reward of the diligent
The natural estate of man is labour. Toil was the requirement of
paradise. God’s Word recognises the universal law of work. “Toil is prayer”;
and the Christian learns from the record of God’s will that honest
faithful
diligent
God-fearing and God-honouring work is itself a worship acceptable to
the great All-worker. God enjoins diligence upon us by precept and by example.
About us
all things perform their allotment of work
and do it promptly and
without a thought of delay. God teaches men by His own ceaseless workings
through ten thousand ever-busy forces
and revelation utters the same bidding
to unremitting toil. For labour is the tenure of God’s gifts to man. It is thus
the requirement of Christian duty that we should not be slothful in business.
Promises of reward cluster around the fulfilment of this command. Diligent
hands are speedily rendered expert. The diligent hand teaches and trains the
wary and observing eye. God works no miracles on behalf of the drones of
society. And the hand of the diligent shall bear rule
as Joseph the faithful
slave-boy found
and Daniel the captive Hebrew boy. Another reward of the
diligent is honour and renown. “He shall stand before kings.” Illustrate by the
cases of Benjamin Franklin and William Carey. Learn that sloth and idleness are
expressly forbidden; and so is that undue and overwrought exertion which marks
the man greedy of gain. Riches are to be valued as means
not as an end. (Bp.
Stevens Perry.)
The hand of the diligent shall bear rule
A young man in a leather store used to feel very impatient
with his employer for keeping him year after year
for three years
handling
hides. But he saw the use of it in his future career
when
in an establishment
of his own
he was able to tell by the touch the exact quality of the goods. It
was only by the thousands of repetitions that the lesson was learned; and so it
is with everything in which we acquire skill. The half-informed
half-skilled
in every business outnumber the others
dozens to one. Daniel Webster once
replied to a young man who asked him if there was “any room in the legal
profession
” “There is always room at the top.” The better you know your
business the more you are likely to rise. You can gather much information by
making a wise use of your eyes and ears
and perhaps be able to surprise your
employer in an emergency by stepping into the “next man’s” place and
discharging his duties satisfactorily. So
learn your business
and you will
find there is “room at the top.” (Home Words.)
Diligence and its reward
Mr. Chauncey M. Depew tells the story of his visit to the
mechanical department of Cornell University. He found at the head of it
Professor Morris
who claimed him as a superior officer
giving as a reason
that he was an old-time worker on the New York Central Railway. “How did you
get here?” asked Depew. “I was stoker on the New York Central. I stood on the
footboard as an engineer on the Central. While a locomotive engineer I made up
my mind to get an education. I studied at night
and fitted myself for Union
College
running all the time with my locomotive. I procured books
and
attended
as far as possible
all lectures and recitations. I kept up with my class
and on the day of graduation I left my locomotive
washed up
put on the gown
and cap
delivered my thesis
and received my diplomas
put the gown and cap in
the closet
put on my working shirt
got on my engine
and made my usual run
that day.” “Then
” says Depew
“I knew how he became Professor Morris.” That
spirit will cause a man to rise anywhere and in any calling.
Heaviness in the heart of man maketh it stoop: but a good word
maketh it glad.
The saddening and the succouring
I. The saddening
in life. There is a soul-crushing sadness here.
1. Personal affliction that maketh the heart stoop.
2. Social affliction that maketh the heart stoop.
II. The succouring
in life. “A good word maketh it glad.”
1. What are good words?
2. Where are good words? The gospel is that word. Words about
providence
about pardon
about resurrection. Words to comfort us in all our
tribulations. (Urijah R. Thomas.)
The sin of brooding
There is a necessity that we should be in heaviness through
manifold temptations; but we must beware lest by giving free scope to anxious
and melancholy thoughts
our hearts should sink in us like a stone
and our
souls become altogether unfit to relish the comforts or perform the services of
life. Sadness of the countenance makes the heart better
but despondency of
heart disqualifies men for thanking and praising God
for serving their
generation
and for hearing the burdens of life. Life itself becomes
burdensome
and is often shortened
by excessive grief. There is nothing that
claims our grief so much as sin
and yet there may be an excess of sorrow for sin which
exposes men to the devil
and drives them into his arms. Are you grieved in
your minds? Remember that it is sinful and dangerous to brood perpetually over
your sorrows. (G. Lawson.)
A cheering word
The celebrated Dr. R. W. Dale
of Birmingham
used to be fond of
relating how he was cheered once by a poor woman’s earnest words. He was feeling
dejected and as if all his strength was gone
when
passing through a street in
Birmingham
he met a decently dressed stranger
laden with parcels
who stopped
and said
“God bless you
Dr. Dale!” Her face was unknown to him
and he answered
“Thank you.
What is your name?” “Never mind my name
” was the response; “but if you only
knew how you have made me feel hundreds of times
and what a happy home you
have given me! God bless you!” Then she was lost in the crowd
but she had
encouraged a man whose books are in every library
and whose name is dear to
the universal Church. (Sunday Companion.)
The righteous is more excellent than his neighbour.
The religious man’s advantages
The sentiments of men concerning virtue
and their own particular
practice
form a very strange and striking contrast. Philosophers have differed
about the origin of moral distinctions
and delivered various theories
concerning virtue; but the people who judge from their feelings have no system
but one. Religion gives its powerful sanction to the maxims of morality. The
objections against a holy life have proceeded on maxims directly contrary to
the text. The inducements to vice
which have been powerful in all ages
are
the same that were presented by the tempter to our first parents--the
attractions of ambition and the allurements of pleasure. The righteous man is
wiser than his neighbour. There is no part of his nature in which man is so
earnest to excel
and so jealous of a defect
as his understanding. And no
wonder
for it is his prerogative and his glory. This enters into the
foundation of character; for without intellectual abilities moral qualities
cannot subsist
and a good heart will go wrong without the guidance of a good
understanding. Where
then
is wisdom to be found? If you will trust the
dictates of religion and reason
to be virtuous is to be wise. The testimony of
all who have gone before you confirms the decision. In opposition
however
to
the voice of religion
of reason
and of man-kind
there are multitudes in
every age who reckon themselves more excellent than their neighbours
by
trespassing against the laws which all ages have counted sacred
the younger by
the pursuit of criminal gratification
the old by habits of deceit and fraud.
The early period of life is frequently a season of delusion. There is no
moderation nor government in vice. Guilty pleasures become the masters and
tyrants of the mind; when these lords acquire dominion
they bring all the
thoughts into captivity
and rule with unlimited and despotic sway. When it is
seen that the righteous man is wiser and greater and happier than his
neighbour
the objections against religion are removed
the ways of Providence
are vindicated
and virtue is established upon an everlasting foundation. (John
Logan.)
The prospects of the righteous
The word rendered “excellent” is on the margin translated
“abundant.” Although it is a truth that in regard to “character
” in all its
principles and their practical results
“the righteous is more excellent than
his neighbour
” yet such statement is almost a truism. Taking the word as
referring to possessions and prospects
as meaning that the righteous excels
his neighbour
or men in general around him
in his lot as to happiness and
hope--blessings in enjoyment and blessings in anticipation--it then becomes a
statement of great importance. It presents an inducement to the godly to “hold
fast their profession
” and an inducement to others to join their society. Even
the poorest of the people of God has a lot that may well be envied by the
wealthiest and the noblest of the sons of earth. (R. Wardlaw.)
The advantages of virtue to civil society
By the “righteous” is intended the religious man
one who
fears God and eschews evil. By his “neighbour” is meant a man of contrary
character
one who careth not for God
but pursues the interests or pleasures
of the world
without any regard to His authority. The “excellency” ascribed
may refer either to the personal happiness attending it
or its beneficial
influence on society. A man of religion and virtue is a more useful
and
consequently a more valuable member of a community than his wicked neighbour.
I. The necessity
of virtue and religion to the ends of civil society. In contradiction it has
been urged that vice is a thing highly beneficial to society
confers on it so
many advantages
that public happiness would be imperfect without it. We may
admit
in support of this paradox
that if there were no vicious men in the
world
we should not want to be protected by civil government from them. We may
also admit
that some advantages arise to society from the vices of men
either
as they occasion good laws or awaken a due execution of them
or as the example
or nature of his punishment may render a criminal of some service to the
public. But these are the purely accidental consequences from vice. Its natural
and proper effects are all evil
the very evils which government was designed
to redress. The advantages that arise from it are owing wholly to the wisdom
and virtue of those in authority. The experience of all history affirms to us
that the peace
strength
and happiness of a society depend on the justice and
fidelity
the temperance and charity of its members; that these virtues always
render a people flourishing and secure
and the contrary vices are as
constantly productive of misery and ruin. If these virtues are acknowledged
necessary to social felicity
religion must be so too
because no other
principle can offer an equal inducement to the practice of them
or equally
restrain men from the opposite vices. Fear cannot effectually govern the
actions of men
nor the fantastic principle called honour. If by honour is
meant anything distinct from conscience
it is no more than a regard to the
censure and esteem of the world.
II. How virtue and
religion fit and dispose men for the most useful discharge of the several
offices and relations of social life. Power
without goodness
is the most terrible
idea our imagination can form; and the more the authority of any station in
society is extended
the more it concerns public happiness that it be committed
to men fearing God. Parts
knowledge
and experience
are indeed excellent
ingredients in a public character
of equal use and ornament to the seat of
judgment and council
but without religion and virtue
these are only abilities
to do mischief. All that skill which deserves the name of wisdom
religion
approves
recommends
and teaches. More true political wisdom can be learned
from the Holy Scriptures
and even from this single book of Proverbs
than from
a thousand such writers as Machiavel. Religion and virtue are proportionally
conducive to happiness in every inferior relation of life. They equally dispose
men to be good rulers and good subjects
good parents and good children
good
masters and good servants
good neighbours and good friends. Wherever a
religion is true and sincere
justice
meekness
and fidelity
all the virtues
that can render a government secure
and a people happy
will be the fruits of
it.
III. A religious
motive to value and esteem persons of this excellent character
because by
their piety and prayers the blessing of God is derived on the community.
Righteous men ought to be esteemed a strength and defence to their country
and
wicked men a reproach and weakness. The declarations of God and the histories
of His providence
show that the piety of good men more effectually prevails
for His blessing upon a nation than the sins of wicked men provoke His
resentment. Since we all pretend a concern for the prosperity of our country
let our zeal for it appear in our endeavours to promote virtue and religion.
Let us constantly distinguish the righteous by that honour and respect which is
due to so excellent a character. Above all
let our care begin at home; let us
each in our stations govern our lives by the rules of our holy religion
and
practise those virtues ourselves whose excellence we acknowledge in others. (J.
Rogers
D. D.)
The excellency of religion
Virtue and religion are excellent things in themselves
and they
improve and adorn and exalt our natures. The last sentence of the text suggests
this--that though righteousness and piety and religion are excellent things
so
that men can hardly avoid seeing the beauty and loveliness of them
yet the
deceitfulness of sin will be apt to deliver them
and find out some pretence or
excuse to carry men against their best reason
and what they know is fittest to
be done. The excellency of a religious life above a life of sin and wickedness
may be made out from the following considerations:
I. That God
Himself has put a great many marks of honour upon righteousness and goodness.
That person or that thing must be honourable which God is pleased to honour
and that must be despicable which He despises. He who fears God
and does his
duty
is the servant of God and the friend of God. Good men are in an especial
manner partakers of the Divine nature; their souls are honoured and blessed with
the communion of God
and their bodies are the temples of the Holy Ghost.
II. We have also
the judgment of all mankind
not only of the good and virtuous
but of the
greatest part even of wicked men.
1. Almost all nations
in all ages of the world
however they may
have differed as to the measures of some virtues and vices
yet have agreed as
to the main and great points of duty; which I can impute to nothing else but
the natural beauty and excellence of virtue
and the deformity of vice.
2. When men will to serve any interest or appetite
they generally
endeavour to conceal it
are unwilling to have it known
and think it for their
honour to disguise the matter as much as they can. “Hypocrisy is a homage that
vice pays to virtue.” And vice
though disguised and concealed from the world
is so ugly a thing
that few people can bear the sense of it themselves
so
they find out some colour or excuse with which to deceive themselves.
3. When bad men cannot cover their shame either from the world or
themselves
they set about endeavouring to blacken the rest of the world; which
is another sort of homage men pay to virtue.
4. Though men will indulge their own appetites
they desire their
children and relations
and those whom they love
to be virtuous and good.
III. Religion tends
to make our minds free and easy
to give us confidence towards God
and peace
in our own breasts. It sets our souls at liberty from the tyranny of hurtful
lusts and passions
and it fills us with joy and good hope in every condition of
life. Religion
thoroughly imbibed
has a direct natural tendency to procure
all these blessings for us; whereas vice and wickedness both corrupt and
enslave our minds. When a man ventures to break the commands of God
he is
generally plunged by it into abundance of troubles and perplexities.
IV. Piety and
virtue make everything else good
and of good use
which a man has
or that
happens to him
whereas sin and wickedness tend to corrupt and spoil
everything. There is no condition but what to a good man may serve to very good
ends and purposes
whether a man be high or low in the world. If he be in
affliction
then patience
humility
and resignation to the will of God will
make him a great man in that. If God be pleased to put him in a high station
integrity
sobriety
and a public spirit will add to the greatness of his
condition
and make him a public blessing.
V. All sin is
injustice
which is by everybody looked upon to be a mean
base thing. It is a
common excuse for other defects
that they do nobody any harm
that they are
just and honest in their dealings
and therefore they hope that God will
overlook other things. Tully says
“Piety is justice toward God
” and therefore
impiety and dis- obedience must be injustice. It is the basest and worst sort
Of injustice
ingratitude.
VI. The highest end
that can be pretended to by any vice is only the procuring some pleasure or
convenience for ourselves
in our passage through this world. This is but a
poor thing if compared with eternity. It is a great advantage of the good man
that he has hope in his death. This may well support him
and make him live
cheerfully in any condition in the meantime. Inferences:
1. Since religion is in itself so excellent a thing
this should
encourage good men to persist in doing their duty
and not be ashamed either of
the profession or the practise of religion.
2. From these considerations of the excellency of religion
all may
be urged to the love and practice of it. (Richard Willis
D.D.)
The righteous and his neighbour
Every righteous man has a neighbour whom he excels. The
righteous man and his neighbour are here placed side by side. The righteous is
more excellent--
I. In his birth
and parentage.
1. Now “sons of God”--by adoption
by birth
by privilege.
2. “Of your father the devil.” Satan nursed into strength the
principles of evil
and then planted them in human nature (Genesis 3:1-24.).
II. In the visible
character that he bears.
1. The name “righteous” is sufficiently indicative.
2. “The lusts of your father ye will do.”
III. In the
principle on which he acts
i.e.
love. Two opposite principles--love
hatred.
The principles of the righteous are better than their outward character. The
pinciples of the ungodly are worse.
IV. In the ends
which he pursues.
1. The glory of God--lasting
noble.
2. The interests of self--transient
base (2 Timothy 3:2).
V. In the
influence which he exerts. The world is a field.
1. The righteous sow in it--to the spirit.
2. The ungodly sow in it--to the flesh.
VI. In the
pleasures which he enjoys.
1. Divine
holy
satisfying.
2. Earthly
polluting
unsatisfying (Luke 15:16).
VII. In the destiny
which awaits him.
1. The maturity of holiness--like Christ.
2. The maturity of ungodliness--like Satan.
The infallible comparison
The term “righteous
” as used in Scripture
is not to be limited
to the discharge of those duties which man owes to man. It is employed to
denote a just and devout and godly person
in distinction from the unrighteous
and the wicked. It embraces all we mean by being pious
religious
and good. By
the term “neighbour
” is not to be understood the vicious and the vile who may
live close to the dwelling of the righteous. Compared with the ordinarily praiseworthy
neighbour
the devout
God-fearing
decided Christian is at advantage.
1. He is more excellent in the principles by which his conduct is
governed
a man may be moral
because he values his reputation
or because it
suits his taste
or his health
or advances his worldly interest
and not
because God has commanded him to do justly and love mercy. The unrenewed man
pursues his own private interests--the righteous will sacrifice it for a
greater public good. The man of sterling piety is more worthy of our confidence
than the individual who is governed by other motives than those of the fear of
God and love to his brethren.
2. More excellent in his example and influence. Every man’s life will
correspond to the temper of his heart
and the maxims and motives that govern
him. When the whole conduct is minutely examined
every man is found what he
appears to be. The grace of God improves all the principles of man’s moral
nature. To the full extent of his circle
his conduct has a salutary effect on
all around him. The righteous may be of retired habits
but a pattern will be
taken of his life
and it will
like the leaven in the meal
be diffused
wherever he is known with more or less of usefulness. His ungodly neighbour can
boast of nothing more than a scanty morality
whose highest motive is self-love
and self-interest.
3. More excellent in his alliances. There is a close and endearing
relationship between all the subjects of the kingdom of grace. Each is united
to God
and to all holy beings
by the tenderest ties of kindred affection. The
righteous is entitled to whatever honour and dignity may accrue to him from his
union to the Creator
the Redeemer and the Sanctifier
and to every member of
the holy household.
4. More excellent inasmuch as he is the heir of a better destiny. Externally
in
many points
they may resemble each other now. This may deceive for a while.
When the Christian receives his crown of glory
the difference will be seen to
be infinite. On the righteous the Redeemer will smile for ever; on the other He
will eternally frown. This subject teaches a lesson of humility and gratitude.
If we have any excellence of character
it is the gift of God. The superior
excellence of the righteous over the wicked shows us the obligations they are
under to make their high distinction obvious to the eye of the world. (D. A.
Clark.)
The superior excellency of the religious
Never were the qualities of a parent more really derived unto
their children than the image and similitude of the Divine excellences are
stamped upon heaven-born souls: some beams of that eternal light are darted in
upon them
and make them shine with an eminent splendour; and they are always
aspiring to a nearer conformity with Him
still breathing after a further
communication of His Holy Spirit
and daily finding the power thereof
correcting the ruder deformities of their natures
and superinducing the
beautiful delineations of God’s image upon them
that any one who observes them
may perceive their relation to God
by the excellency of their deportment in
the world.
I. Having regarded
the righteous man’s excellency
in regard of his birth and extraction
we
proceed to consider his qualities and endowments
and shall begin with those of
his understanding
his knowledge
and wisdom.
1. His knowledge is conversant about the noblest objects; he
contemplates that infinite Being whose perfections can never enough be admired
but still afford new matter to delight him
to ravish his affections
to raise
his wonder. And
if we have a mind to the studies of nature and human science
he is best disposed for it
having his faculties cleared
and his understanding
heightened by Divine contemplations. But his knowledge doth not rest in
speculations
but directeth his practice
and determineth his choice. And he is
the most prudent as well as the most knowing person. He knows how to secure his
greatest interest
to provide for the longest life
to prefer solid treasures
to gilded trifles
the soul to the body
eternity to a moment.
2. We proceed to another of his endowments
the greatness of his mind
and his contempt of the world. To be taken up with trifles
and concerned in
little things
is an evidence of a weak and naughty mind. And so are all wicked
and irreligious persons. But the pious person hath his thoughts far above these
painted vanities; his felicity is not patched up of so mean shreds; it is
simple
and comprised in one chief good: his soul advanceth itself by rational
passions towards the Author of its being
the fountain of goodness and
pleasure: he hath none in heaven but Him; and there is none upon earth whom he
desires besides Him. The knowledge of nature hath been reputed means to enlarge
the soul and breed in it a contempt of earthly enjoyments. He that hath
accustomed himself to consider the vastness of the universe
and the final
proportion which the point we live in bears to the rest of the world
may
perhaps come to think less of the possessions of some acres
or of that fame
which can at most spread itself through a small corner of this earth. Whatever
be in this
sure I am that the knowledge of God
and the frequent thoughts of heaven
must needs
prove far more effectual to elevate and aggrandise the mind.
3. And this
by the affinity
will lead us to another endowment
wherein the excellency of the righteous man doth appear; and that is
that
heroic magnanimity and courage wherewith he is inspired
and which makes him
confidently achieve the most difficult actions
and resolutely undergo the
hardest sufferings that he is called to. Let heathen Rome boast of a Regulus
a
Decius
or some two or three more
stimulated by a desire of glory
and perhaps
animated by some secret hopes of future reward
who have devoted their life to
the service of their country. But alas! what is this to an infinite number
not
only of men
but even of women and children
who have died for the profession of their
faith
neither seeking nor expecting any praise from men? And tell me who among
the heathen did willingly endure the loss of reputation? Nay
that was their
idol
and they could not part with it.
4. From courage and magnanimity
we pass to that which is the genuine
issue and ordinary consequent of it
the liberty and freedom of the righteous
person. Liberty is a privilege so highly rated by all men that many run the
greatest hazards for the very name of it but there are few that enjoy it. I
shall not speak of those fetters of ceremony
and chains of state
wherewith
great men are tied; which make their actions constrained
and their converse
uneasy: this is more to be pitied than blamed. But wicked and irreligious
persons are under a far more shameful bondage: they are slaves to their own
lusts
and suffer the violence and tyranny of their irregular appetites. But
the holy and religious person hath broken these fetters
cast off the yoke of
sin
and become the freeman of the Lord. It is religion that restores freedom
to the soul
which philosophy did pretend to; it is that which doth sway and
moderate all those blind passions and impetuous affections which else would
hinder a man from the possession and enjoyment of himself
and makes him master
of his own thoughts
motions
and desires
that he may do with freedom what he
judgeth most honest and convenient.
5. Another particular wherein the nobleness and excellency of
religion doth appear is in a charitable and benign temper. The righteous is
gracious
and full of compassion; he showeth favour and lendeth; and makes it
his work to serve mankind as much as he is able. His charity doth not express
itself in one particular instance
as that of giving alms; but is vented as
many ways as the variety of occasions do call for
and his power can reach to.
He assisteth the poor with his money
the ignorant with his counsel
the
afflicted with his comfort
the sick with the best of his skill
all with his
blessings and prayers.
6. We shall name but one instance more wherein the righteous man
excelleth his neighbour; and that is
his venerable temperance and purity. He
hath risen above the vaporous sphere of sensual pleasure which darkeneth and
debaseth the mind
which sullies its lustre
and abates its native vigour;
while profane persons
wallowing in;impure lusts
do sink themselves below the
condition of men.
II. Before we
proceed further
it will be necessary to take off some prejudices and
objections that arise against the nobleness and excellency of religion.
1. And the first is
that it enjoineth lowliness and humility; which
men ordinarily look upon as an abject and base disposition. But if we ponder
the matter we shall find that arrogancy and pride are the issues of base and
silly minds
a giddiness incident to those who are raised suddenly to
unaccustomed height: nor is there any vice doth more palpably defeat its own
design
depriving a man of that honour and reputation which it makes him aim
at. On the other hand
we shall find humility no silly and sneaking quality; but
the greatest height and sublimity of the mind
and the only way to true honour.
2. Another objection against the excellency of a religious temper is
that the love of enemies
and pardon of injuries
which it includeth
is
utterly inconsistent with the principles of honour. But if we have any value
for the judgment of the wisest man and a great king
he will tell us that it is
the honour of a man to cease from strife; and he that is slow to wrath is of
great understanding. So that what is here brought as an objection against
religion might with reason enough have been brought as an instance of its
nobleness. Having thus illustrated and confirmed what is asserted in the text
that the righteous is more excellent than his neighbour
let us improve it in a
check to that profane and atheistical spirit of drollery and scoffing at
religion which hath got abroad in the world. Alas! do men consider what it is
which they make the butt of their scoffs and reproaches? Have they nothing else
to exercise their wit and vent their jests upon but that which is the most
noble and excellent thing in the world? But let them do what they will; they
but kick against the pricks. Religion hath so much native lustre and beauty
that
notwithstanding all the dirt they study to cast upon it
all the
melancholy and deformed shapes they dress it in
it will attract the eyes and
admiration of all sober and ingenuous persons; and while these men study to
make it ridiculous
they shall but make themselves so. There are others who
have not yet arrived to this height of profaneness
to laugh at all religion
but do vent their malice at those who are more conscientious and severe than
themselves
under presumption that they are hypocrites and dissemblers. But
besides that in this they may be guilty of a great deal of uncharitableness
it
is to be suspected that they bear some secret dislike to piety itself
and hate
hypocrisy more for its resemblance of that than for its own viciousness:
otherwise whence comes it that they do not express the same animosity against
other vices? (H. Scougal
M.A.)
The difference between the religious and irreligious man
Men without religion will sometimes ask
“Do not all men sin--even
the religious? And
if so
is not the whole difference between them and ourselves
that our offences are somewhat more numerous than theirs?” Now this must
unquestionably be admitted. Still
whatever may be the resemblance upon this
point
it is nevertheless true that men with and without religion differ in
many other most important particulars.
1. The first difference between the sins of the religious and the
irreligious man is
that the one does not allow himself in his sins and the
other does. The real Christian never says
“I know such an action to be wrong
but yet I will do it--I know such an action to be right
but yet I will neglect
to do it.” But in the other class of men we shall be often struck with the
contrary line of conduct. Charge them with their neglect of God
and of their
souls
and they say
perhaps
“We confess it to be wrong.” Consider the case as
between man and man. We may conceive the affectionate child surprised into an
act of disobedience or unkindness to the parent whom it loves; but we cannot
conceive that child
if truly affectionate
setting itself deliberately and
knowingly to wound that parent at the tenderest point. In the one case
an act
of disobedience discovers a man in whom
though the flesh is weak
the spirit
may be willing--in whom a momentary temptation has prevailed over the settled
purpose and desire of his heart. In the other you have a man whose settled
purpose is to do wrong. The language of a true Christian must be that of his
Master: “I come to do Thy will
O God.”
2. A second distinction between a real Christian and one who is not a
real Christian is this--the real Christian does not seek or find his happiness
in sin. A man who is not really religious
if he wants amusement or indulgence
seeks for it
generally
either in the society of men without religion or in
practices which the Word of God condemns. He sins
and it gives him no pain. On
the contrary
the real Christian finds no happiness in sin. His pleasure is in
prayer
in communion with God. He seeks his happiness in the fields of his
duties. “O
” says he
“how I love Thy law! It is my meditation all the day.”
The state and character of any person may to a great extent be judged by the
nature of his pleasures. Does he seek them in trifles? he is a trifling man;
does he seek them in worldly pursuits? he is a worldly man; does he seek them
in vice? he is a vicious man; does he seek them in God and Christ? he is a
Christian.
3. Thirdly
the habits of a real Christian are holy. Men are not to
be judged by a few solitary actions of their lives. There is scarcely any life
so dark as not to be lighted up by a few brighter actions--as a single star may
glimmer through the most cloudy atmosphere; and there is no life so bright as
not to be darkened by many spots--as many small clouds are apt to chequer even
the clearest sky. But then we determine the real state of the heavens not by
the single star
in the one case
or by the few clouds in the other. We ask
what is the general aspect
the prevalent appearance: does night or day
does
shade or sunshine
prevail? Thus also must we proceed in estimating the
character of men. It is the habitual frame of the mind--it is what we may call
the work-day character--it is the general
habitual
prevalent temper
conduct
conversation
in the family or the parish
in the shop or the farm
which are
the only true tests of our condition. But let us bring the two classes to this
standard
and we shall find that in the real Christian the habits are holy--in
the insincere Christian they are unholy; that the one is habitually right and
accidentally wrong
and the other habitually wrong and accidentally right.
Such
then
is another highly important distinction between these classes.
4. Fourthly
every act of sin in real Christians is followed by
sincere repentance. No feature is more essentially characteristic of a holy
mind than a feeling of deep penitence for transgression. “My sin
” said the
“man after God’s own heart
” “is ever before me.”
5. A fifth no less important feature by which the real Christian is
distinguished is
that he anxiously seeks the pardon of his sins through Jesus
Christ. Others too often seem to imagine their sins cancelled immediately upon
their bare and cold acknowledgment of them. He
on the contrary
knows that the
hatred of sin and indignation at the sinner must be deeply lodged in a mind of
infinite purity. And his consolation is this--not that he can save himself
but
that “he has an Advocate with the Father
Jesus Christ the righteous.”
6. The sixth and last point of distinction which I shall have time to
notice between the real Christian and every other character is
that he alone
seeks diligently from God a power to abstain from sin in future. If others even
desire the pardon of their past sins
they are careless about future
advancement in holiness. They
perhaps
persist in a course of sinning and
repeating
through the whole stage of their lives. Heaven is every day mocked
by the language of an unmeaning sorrow. No real hatred for the sin is felt. In
the Christian a different feeling prevails. A deep abhorrence of sin mingles
with his regret for it. His are tears of hatred as well as grief. There is a
substantial distinction between a real Christian and every other character:
something more than a mere line or shadowy difference here. If we carefully
observe the several points of distinction which I have noticed
we shall find
that they imply in the two classes of characters
in each particular instance
a different state of heart or mind. Let us seek a new and more sanctified
nature: more and more of the influences of the sacred Spirit. In the fable of
old
when the artist had made the figure of a man
he could not animate it
without stealing fire from heaven. That heavenly fire is offered to us. Many
has it already quickened who were dead in trespasses and sins. (Christian
Observer.)
The way of the wicked
seduceth them.
On seduction
The seduction of the lower class of females is due to the
profligacy of men in a superior station in life. It is the custom to confine
ourselves to generalities in the pulpit. But the reasoning which applies to all
crimes acts languidly against each individual crime--it does not paint the
appropriate baseness
or echo the reproaches of the heart.
1. The character of a seducer is base and dishonourable: if deceit is
banished among equals; if the conduct of every man
to those of his own station
in life
should be marked by veracity and good faith; why are fallacy and
falsehood justified
because they are exercised by talents against ignorance
cunning against simplicity
power against weakness
opulence against poverty?
No one ever lured a wretched creature to her ruin without such a complication
of infamous falsehoods as would have condemned him to everlasting infamy
had
they been exercised to the prejudice of any one in a higher scene of life: and
what must be the depravity of that man who has no other criterion of what he
shall do
Or from what he shall abstain
than impunity?
2. To the cruelty of seduction is generally added the baseness of
abandoning its object
of leaving to perish in rags and hunger a miserable
being bribed by promises and oaths of eternal protection and regard.
3. This crime cannot be defended under any of the ingenious systems
by which men are perpetually vitiating their understandings. (Sidney Smith
M. A.)
The slothful man roasteth not that which he took in hunting.
Indolence
Most hunters
have the game they shot or entrapped cooked the same evening or the next day
but not so with this laggard of the text. Too lazy to rip off the hide; too
lazy to kindle the fire
and put the gridiron on the coals. What are the causes
of laziness
and what are its evil results?
1. Indolence often arises from the natural temperament. I do not know
but that there is a constitutional tendency to this vice in every man. Some are
very powerfully handicapped by this constitutional tendency.
2. Indolence is often a result of easy circumstances. Rough
experience in earlier life seems to be necessary in order to make a man active
and enterprising.
3. Another cause of indolence is severe discouragement. There are
those around us who started life with the most sanguine expectation; but some
sudden and overwhelming misfortune met them
and henceforth they have been inactive.
Trouble
instead of making them more determined
has overthrown them. They have
lost all self-reliance. They imagine that all men and all occurrences are
against them! You cannot rouse them to action. Every great financial panic
produces a large crop of such men.
4. Reverie is a cause of indolence. There are multitudes of men who
expect to achieve great success in life
who are entirely unwilling to put
forth any physical
moral
or intellectual effort. They have a great many
eloquent theories of life. They pass their life in dreaming. Let no young man
begin life with reverie. There is nothing accomplished without hard work. Do
not in idleness expect something to turn up. It will turn down. Indolence and
wickedness always make bad luck.
5. Bad habits are a fruitful source of indolence. Sinful indulgences
shut a man’s shop
and dull his tools
and steal his profits. Dissoluteness is
generally the end of industry. What are the results of indolence? A marked
consequence of this vice is physical disease. The healthiness of the whole
natural world depends upon activity. And indolence endangers the soul. Satan
makes his chief conquests over men who either have nothing to do
or
if they
have
refuse to do it. Idleness not only leads a man into associations which
harm his morals
but often thrusts upon him the worst kind of scepticism.
Loafers are almost always infidels
or fast getting to be such. I never knew a
man given up to thorough idleness that was converted. Let me tell the idler
that there is no hope for him either in this world or in the world that is to
come. (T. De Witt Talmage.)
Labour as enhancing the relative value of a man’s possession
This applies to many things.
I. To material
wealth.
II. To social
position.
III. To civil
liberty.
IV. To religious
privileges. (Homilist.)
The castle of indolence
Thomson wrote a poem by this title. He locates the castle in a
dreamy land
where every sense is steeped in the most luxurious though
enervating delights. The lord of the castle was a powerful enchanter
who
by
his arts
enticed thoughtless travellers within the gate
that he might destroy
their strength and ruin their hopes by a ceaseless round of voluptuous
pleasures.
The slothful man
1. The lazy man goes hunting. Some are full of the most bustling activity.
An old mathematical professor was wont to define work as “steadily overcoming
resistance occurring along a fixed line.” An intermittent
changing activity
manifestly fails to answer the requirements of this definition.
2. The slothful man catches game when he does go hunting. Not only
does he act
but he does things. But his slothfulness is made manifest in this:
though he be effective
he is not efficient; for--
3. He is too lazy to cook what he does catch. The excitement of the
chase is over
he is weary with dragging home his game
so the gun goes into
one corner and the game into another
while the man proceeds--with a celerity
which would be praiseworthy were it rightly applied--to forget all about it. He
waits for the next excitement. His activity has procured no benefits to himself
or any one else. There are many people who lose their labour through a
disinclination to put the finishing touch to their work. Under excitement they
secure certain results
which
if gathered up and made permanent
would be of
immense value. But then they get weary
indifferent. They let things slide--to
use an expression of the populace. All they have done gradually undoes itself.
For lack of but one stone--the keystone--the arch falls. This is the
application: When you commence a thing
cease not until you have gathered up
the results of your labour in some form of practical and present benefit to
your fellow-men. (D. C. Gilmore.)
In the way of righteousness is life.
Life in the way of righteousness
There are many ways which men are found to pursue in order to the
attainment of happiness. One pursues the way of worldly pleasure; another is
fascinated by the splendour and magnificence and show of the world; another
seeks happiness in the business of life. These ways are false ways and
disappointing ways. There is a way which is neither delusive nor disappointing.
It is the way of holiness
the way of conformity to God’s mind and will. The
righteous walk in this way. But who are the righteous? They who are interested
by faith in the Redeemer’s righteousness for justification and acceptance
before God. They are distinguished by the integrity of their principles and a
conscientious endeavour to discharge every duty they owe their fellow-men. They
are careful to avoid all known sin
and desire to live in the practice of all
known duty. They are not satisfied with present attainments in religin
but
seek to grow in grace as well as knowledge. They are animated by the
constraining love of Jesus. They live in the exercise of communion with God in
prayer and praise. And the text declares that those who walk in holy obedience
to the revealed will of God
and are filled with the fruits of righteousness
have received a new nature
and are animated by a new life. The existence of
the life of grace in the soul will be manifested by its corresponding effects
in the walk and conversation. In the way of righteousness is the life of
consolation and joy. God’s smile is on the righteous in all their goings. Great
are the privileges of the righteous
which must be felt
but cannot be
adequately described. The new life
kindled by the Spirit of God
shall never
be extinguished. It shall survive every shock of opposition and trial
and
shall triumph over the combined rage of earth and hell. “In the pathway thereof
there is no death.” The righteous must die
as well as the unrighteous; there
is no peculiarity of exemption in their case from the stroke of the last enemy.
But to the believer in Jesus death is unspeakable gain. Then are we in the
number of the righteous? (C. Rawlings
B.A.)
The way of religion recommended as
I. A straight
plain
easy way. God’s commands (the rule we are to walk by) are all holy
just
and good. Religion has right
reason
and equity on its side.
II. As a safe
pleasant comfortable way.
1. There is not only life at the end
but there is life in the way;
all true comfort and satisfaction. The favour of God
which is better than
life; the Spirit
who is life.
2. There is not only life in it
but so as that in it “there is no
death
” none of that sorrow of the world which works death
and is an allay to
our present joy and life. There is no end to that life that is in the way of
righteousness. Here there is life
but there is death too. In the way of
righteousness there is
life and no death--life and immortality. (Matthew Henry.)
──《The Biblical Illustrator》