| Back to Home Page | Back to
Book Index |
Galatians
Chapter Two
I.
Content of the Chapter
Paul Defended for the Gospel
I. Paul visited
A. The
time and the fellow-travelers (v.1).
B. The
aim is to defending for the gospel that he preached (v.2).
C. He
did not allow the false brethren to destroy the truth of the gospel (v.3-5).
D. He
did not allow those who seemed to be something to influence his position (v.6).
E. The
pillars of the church gave him the right hand of fellowship (v.7-10).
II. Paul withstood Peter to his face in
A.
Peter was to be blamed before men (v.11-13).
B. The
reasons why Paul blamed Peter:
1. Believers should not walk according to the dual
principles (v.14).
2. Believers are justified by faith instead of
keeping the law (v.15-16)
3. Christ is certainly not a minister of sin
(v.17-18).
4. Only when one is dead to the law will he be
alive to God (v.19).
C.
Paul testified that he lived by faith in the Son of God (v.20-21).
II.
Verse by Verse commentary
Gal. 2:1 “Then after fourteen years
I went up again to
YLT: “Then
after
fourteen years again I went up to
The
Background: the matter in v.1-10
is recorded in detail in Acts. 15:1-29. The meeting of the apostles at
During the fourteen years
Paul had
already gone to
Literal Meaning: in the first
paragraph of the second chapter (v.1-10)
Paul aimed at declaring that he was
not an apostle acting alone but a member acknowledged and accepted by other
apostles. The two ones who were mentioned in this verse were the representative
testimonies: Barnabas was the fellow-worker with whom the Jewish believers were
familiar; Titus was an example of the Gentiles who were saved. They were the
living testimony to Paul’s work among the Gentiles.
Gal. 2:2 “And I went up by
revelation
and communicated to them that gospel which I preach among the
Gentiles
but privately to those who were of reputation
lest by any means I
might run
or had run
in vain.”
YLT: “and I went up by
revelation
and did submit to them the good news that I preach among the
nations
and privately to those esteemed
lest in vain I might run or did run;”
Meaning of Words: “privately”: in
private
in secret; “of reputation”: seeming respectable
esteemed
considerable; “in vain”: for nothing
without effect
ineffective; “run”: race
in the sports ground.
The
Background: according to Acts.
15:2
it was the church in
Literal Meaning: “And I went up by revelation” It meant that I went up to
“Those who were of reputation” were the leaders in the church who were
esteemed by others.
According to this verse
there were two
kinds of meetings
concerning the meeting at
“Lest by any means I might run
or had
run
in vain” It meant that if
the church in Jerusalem and the apostles were not in harmony with Paul in
dealing with Judaizers with one heart
probably this would make his work among
the Gentiles be in vain.
Enlightenment in the Word:
1) Paul not only preached the message by revelation
but also walked by revelation.
2) The principle on which believers walked is not
our own favor but God’s revelation and guidance.
3) What Paul communicated to brothers were not his
own affairs but “that
gospel which he preached”. What were you talking about in your
service communication?
4) Paul used “run” to describe his work
showing
that his did not hold the free and easy attitude to work but made every effort
into the work.
Gal. 2:3 “Yet not even Titus who
was with me
being a Greek
was compelled to be circumcised.”
YLT: “but not even Titus
who [is] with me
being a Greek
was compelled to be circumcised --”
Meaning of Words: “was compelled”:
make by force
press
urge; “be circumcised”: cut around.
The
Background: circumcision
originated from God’s covenant with Abraham (Gen. 17:11). It is the sign that
the Jews made the covenant with God and kept the law. “Circumcision” is cutting
the foreskin of men’s penes. The Judaizers advocated that the Gentile believers
should also be circumcised and converted to be the Jews and then they shall be
saved.
Literal Meaning: this verse shows
that the leaders in the church at
Enlightenment in the Word: it is not necessary for us the Gentile believers to
keep the Jewish law and ceremonies.
Gal. 2:4 “And this occurred because
of false brethren secretly brought in (who came in by stealth to spy out our
liberty which we have in Christ Jesus
that they might bring us into bondage)
”
YLT: “and [that] because
of the false brethren brought in unawares
who did come in privily to spy out
our liberty that we have in Christ Jesus
that us they might bring under
bondage
”
Meaning of Words: “by stealth”: come
in privily; “spy out”: spy on
inspect insidiously.
Literal Meaning: “because of” shows
that the following words explained the previous event
i.e. why Titus was not
compelled to be circumcised.
This verse means that the Judaizers were
“false brethren” who pretended to be Christians and sneaked into the church
attempting to spy out the attitude of the Gentile Christians to the Jewish law.
They sought an occasion to snatch away the liberty of believers in Christ Jesus
and made men be under the law and be bound and constrained by the law.
“Our liberty which we have in Christ
Jesus” included that:
1) We are not constrained by the letters and
ceremonies of the law and we should enjoy the liberty of obeying the Holy
Spirit.
2) We are not constrained by others’ teachings and
directions and should enjoy the liberty of faith.
Gal. 2:5 “to whom we did not yield
submission even for an hour
that the truth of the gospel might continue with
you.”
YLT: “to whom not even
for an hour we gave place by subjection
that the truth of the good news might
remain to you.”
Meaning of Words: “an hour”: instant;
“yield submission”: give place; “continue”: stay constantly.
Enlightenment in the Word:
1) We should never yield submission to the heresies
for the sake of truth and others’ right reception of truth.
2) We should neither argue with men nor be
unwilling to yield to others for our own gain and loss or the flesh.
Gal. 2:6 “But from those who seemed
to be something--whatever they were
it makes no difference to me; God shows
personal favoritism to no man--for those who seemed to be something added
nothing to me.”
YLT: “And from those who
were esteemed to be something -- whatever they were then
it maketh no
difference to me -- the face of man God accepteth not
for -- to me those
esteemed did add nothing
”
Meaning of Words: “whatever”: of what
kind; “make no difference to me”: have nothing to do with me; “show personal
favoritism to man”: lift up one’s head; “add”: impart
lay up in addition.
The
Background: Paul’s knowledge of
the truth in the New Testament was more than that of the apostles who became
apostles before Paul and even Peter confessed that “something are hard to be
understood” in Paul’s books (2Pet. 3:16).
Literal Meaning: “those who seemed to be
something” refer to the
leaders in the church at
“It makes no difference to me” It indicates that they added nothing to
Paul.
“God shows personal favoritism to no
man” It indicates that God shows no favoritism
to man and He did not accept the face of the leaders in the church.
“For those who seemed to be something added
nothing to me” It indicates that
they neither taught Paul nor added the things that Paul had known to him.
Paul’s being saved and experience were fully the work of God instead of that of
men.
Enlightenment in the Word: in the spiritual things
we should neither know man
according to the flesh (2Cor. 5:16) nor rely on men’s age
position
qualifications and etc.
Gal. 2:7 “But on the contrary
when
they saw that the gospel for the uncircumcised had been committed to me
as the
gospel for the circumcised was to Peter”
YLT: “but
on the
contrary
having seen that I have been entrusted with the good news of the
uncircumcision
as Peter with [that] of the circumcision
”
Meaning of Words: “commit”: entrust
put in trust with
at that time this word was used when an ambassador received
the duty.
Literal Meaning: “the uncircumcised” refer to the Gentiles.
“The circumcised” refer to the Jews.
“As” shows that Paul and Peter were in
the aspect of the gospel.
Please note that when Paul mentioned
Peter individually
he always called him “Cephas”. However
he called him
“Peter” in this verse and the eighth verse because Peter was always used to
represent the twelve apostles of the Lord Jesus.
Enlightenment in the Word:
1) The workers whom God had called must have His
commission.
2) Not only the workers themselves but also others
could perceive the commission that they have received from God.
Gal. 2:8 “(for He who worked
effectively in Peter for the apostleship to the circumcised also worked
effectively in me toward the Gentiles)
”
YLT: “for He who did work
with Peter to the apostleship of the circumcision
did work also in me in
regard to the nations
”
Meaning of Words: “work”: work
internally
take effect
cause
make
be active.
Literal Meaning: here Paul made a
dramatic announcement: God who worked with Peter also worked with him to preach
the same message. This announcement meant to state that their work of preaching
was all appraised and identified by God.
Enlightenment in the Word:
1) The true spiritual works are not due to the
compulsion for a short while but God’s inspiration. Those who are inspired
would feel hard in their hearts if they do not obey Him.
2) The reason why the works of the Lord’s servants
are effective is that the Holy Spirit works in them on one hand and works with
them on the other hand.
Gal. 2:9 “and when James
Cephas
and John
who seemed to be pillars
perceived the grace that had been given to
me
they gave me and Barnabas the right hand of fellowship
that we should go
to the Gentiles and they to the circumcised.”
YLT: “and having known
the grace that was given to me
James
and Cephas
and John
who were esteemed
to be pillars
a right hand of fellowship they did give to me
and to Barnabas
that we to the nations
and they to the circumcision [may go]
”
Meaning of Words: “perceive”: know
clearly
discern; “seem to be”: be esteemed to be
be of reputation;
“fellowship”: participation
partnership
communion.
The
Background: “James
who seemed to be pillars” The James here was not James the brother of John
because he had been killed by Herod (Acts. 12:2) but James the brother of the
Lord. At that time he had became a leader in the church at
“They gave the
right hand of fellowship” At that time the
Jews gave each other the right hand of fellowship and it referred to promise
identification
proof
trust and friendship.
Literal Meaning: “pillars” were those who had the power to make the
church steady. They acknowledged that God’s grace and power worked in Paul.
“Gave the
right hand of fellowship” It means that they
acknowledged that there wasn’t the distinction of rank between the work of Paul
and Barnabas in the Lord and that of the apostles.
“That we should go to the Gentiles and
they to the circumcised” They did not made
the non-aggression pact in the sphere of influence of work but acknowledged the
existing fact------the objects that they stressed on were different.
Enlightenment in the Word: in this verse James was mentioned first and Peter
was mentioned later. It probably showed that James was superior to Peter in the
church at
Gal. 2:10 “They desired only that we
should remember the poor
the very thing which I also was eager to do.”
YLT: “only
of the poor
that we should be mindful
which also I was diligent -- this very thing -- to do.”
Meaning of Words: “eager”: make
effort
use speed.
The
Background: there was great
dearth in the
Literal Meaning: Paul used the fine
conclusion----“remembering the poor” to end his statement concerning this
dramatic and uncommon matter. “Remembering the poor” betokened the theme of the
following parts of the letter: those who have been bestowed grace and saved
shall be called into the higher service of love of the law.
Enlightenment in the Word: if we see our brother have need and do not show
compassion to him to help him
it shows that our faith is dead (James.
2:15-20).
Gal. 2:11 “Now when Peter had come
to
YLT: “And when Peter came
to
Meaning of Words: “withstand”: resist
stand against
oppose.
The
Background: the
The matter that he debated with Peter
was mentioned from this verse and he probably answered the accusation of the
Judaizers who said that Paul was inferior to Peter and he indeed blamed Peter
before all the people and such attitude was inappropriate.
Literal Meaning: in the eyes of Paul
what Peter had done at that time was an attack to the gospel and therefore he
had to stand up to guard the gospel.
Enlightenment in the Word:
1) The open rebuke is far better than the open
praise and the hidden judgment.
2) We have to put men’s face and the respect for
seniority aside in order to keep the truth of the gospel
just as what the Chinese
past virtuous ones said------“forsaking family loyalty for righteousness”.
Gal. 2:12 “for before certain men
came from James
he would eat with the Gentiles; but when they came
he
withdrew and separated himself
fearing those who were of the circumcision.”
YLT: “for before the
coming of certain from James
with the nations he was eating
and when they
came
he was withdrawing and separating himself
fearing those of the
circumcision
”
Meaning of Words: “would eat” is in
the imperfect tense. It refers to the continued action
showing that Peter had
acquired the habit of eating with the Gentiles. “Withdrew” is used to describe
the relief of a garrison in the military strategy. It is in the future perfect
tense
showing that he withdrew gradually. “Separate”: apart from
limit.
The
Background: the Jews were
forbidden to eat the unclean in the Old Testament (Lev. 11) and the Gentiles
were not restrained by the judgment of foods. The Jews did not know the origin
of the food of the Gentiles and therefore they never ate with the Gentiles
lest they eat the unclean. However
in the dispensation of the New Testament
Christ has annulled the law of commandments so as to make the Gentiles and the
Jews be in one body (Eph. 2:11-18). God also made Peter accept the Gentiles
through suggesting him eating the unclean in the vision (Acts. 10:9-16;
11:2-10).
Literal Meaning: “certain men came from James” refer to those who were from the church at
Enlightenment in the Word: Peter obviously knew that eating with the Gentiles
did not disobey the truth. However
he dared not eat with the Gentiles for the
weakness at that time. The failure reminds us that
the knowledge of truth is
different from the practice of truth and we should not be satisfied with the
intellectual knowledge.
Gal. 2:13 “And the rest of the Jews
also played the hypocrite with him
so that even Barnabas was carried away with
their hypocrisy.”
YLT: “and dissemble with
him also did the other Jews
so that also Barnabas was carried away by their
dissimulation.”
Meaning of Words: “hypocrite”
indicates that actors on stage wear the masks and speak behind the masks and
therefore it indicates that one hides his true minds and feelings; “be carried
away”: take off together
be led away.
Enlightenment in the Word:
1) The failure of Peter indeed influences many
people. Those who are leaders in the church have to be cautious in their words
and deeds.
2) In a group
it is easy for men to “be carried
away” with others’ walking. However
the thing that all the people do is
probably not right.
3) Even Barnabas who was a good man (Acts. 11:24)
failed unavoidably. And therefore we should neither trust ourselves excessively
nor rely on the natural goodness of men.
Gal. 2:14 “But when I saw that they
were not straightforward about the truth of the gospel
I said to Peter before
them all
‘If you
being a Jew
live
in the manner of Gentiles and not as the Jews
why do you compel Gentiles to
live as Jews?”
YLT: “But when I saw that
they are not walking uprightly to the truth of the good news
I said to Peter
before all
`If thou
being a Jew
in the manner of the nations dost live
and
not in the manner of the Jews
how the nations dost thou compel to Judaize?”
Meaning of Words: “saw”: the moment he
saw; “not straightforward”: not walking straightforwardly
not walking on the straight
way; “not…about”: not in accordance with
not in complete accord; “live”: get
along
be accustomed to.
Literal Meaning: “they were not
straightforward about the truth of the gospel” It shows that Paul condemned Peter and others for
the sake of the gospel and if he did not do so
the truth of the gospel might
be misunderstood.
Paul’s words to Peter meant that: you
as a Jew
were not supposed to eat with the Gentiles. However
since you ate
with the Gentile----“you lived in the manner of Gentiles”
it showed that you
had identified with the lifestyle of the Gentiles---- “you lived not as the
Jews”. However
when the Judaizers came
your acts of “withdrawing” and
“separating” showed that you did not identify with the lifestyle of the
Gentiles and such behavior meant that you “compelled the Gentiles to live in
the manner of the Jews”. Your behavior was inconsistent and you did not walk
according to the truth of the gospel.
Enlightenment in the Word:
1) Understanding the truth and practicing the truth
are different. It is the difficulty of many people that what they do does not
accord with what they know.
2) “They were not straightforward about the truth
of the gospel” because the truth of the gospel is the straight way. We shall be
manifested by faith once we do not walk straightforwardly. The truth of the
gospel could not only save us but also correct us.
3) Augustine said that “it is not proper to correct
one in secret who has made the mistake in public” (it is translated from the
Chinese version).
4) Though many people made the mistake
Paul only
condemned Peter. Those who are leaders in the church shall be responsible for
the greater part.
5) The gospel has released us so that we are no
longer “compelled” to keep the law.
6) The gospel has broken the hedge of races and
culture and made all the people one in Christ and get along with each other and
therefore we should not have misgivings.
7) Peter did not have something against Paul for
his being condemned by him and later he introduced Paul in the epistle (2Pet.
3:15-16) and such bosom was a good example to the Lord’s workers.
Gal. 2:15 “We who are Jews by
nature
and not sinners of the Gentiles
”
YLT: “we by nature Jews
and not sinners of the nations
”
The
Background: Generally the Jews
have the sense of vanity and they hold that: they are exceptionally gifted and
are God’s elect and they have God’s promises and have the law given by God (
Literal Meaning: Here Paul borrowed
the Jews’ proud tone of expression and refuted them with their own way in order
to point out the contradiction of the Judaizers.
Enlightenment in the Word: missing the mark is “sinning”. God Himself and His
will are the supreme aim of men and therefore all those who stray from the will
of God are sinners.
Gal. 2:16 “knowing that a man is not
justified by the works of the law but by faith in Jesus Christ
even we have
believed in Christ Jesus
that we might be justified by faith in Christ and not
by the works of the law; for by the works of the law no flesh shall be
justified.”
YLT: “having known also
that a man is not declared righteous by works of law
if not through the faith
of Jesus Christ
also we in Christ Jesus did believe
that we might be declared
righteous by the faith of Christ
and not by works of law
wherefore declared
righteous by works of law shall be no flesh.'”
Meaning of Words: “justified”: render
just. It is the term in the court and it is used to declare the defendant
innocent; “flesh” is a term of emphasis in the original and it refers to all
humans and there isn’t one exception.
Literal Meaning: “justification”
includes that 1) cancelling the details of the case; 2) declaring that one is
innocent; 3) giving him the legal position
calling him the just
enjoying the
legal rights and etc.
“We” refer to the Jewish believers.
Since the Jewish believers had known that they were justified by faith in
Christ instead of the works of the law
why did they compel the Gentiles to be
justified by the works of the law?
“Even we have believed in” It means that we also admitted that we
ourselves were sinners.
“Flesh” refers to everyone.
Enlightenment in the Word:
1) Justification is the action of God’s free grace
and it is not the result of men’s morals and behavior.
2) Christ Jesus had met the demands of the law on
the cross and no one could fulfill the righteousness of the law besides Him. We
have to be united to Jesus Christ by faith
be in Him and regard Him as our
righteousness (1Cor. 1:30) and then we shall be justified before God.
3) The greatest expression of faith does not lie in
men’s trusting God
relying on Him and waiting for His work but men’s stopping
their own works.
Gal. 2:17 “‘But
if
while we seek to be justified by Christ
we ourselves also are found
sinners
is Christ therefore a minister of sin? Certainly not!”
YLT: “And if
seeking to
be declared righteous in Christ
we ourselves also were found sinners
[is]
then Christ a ministrant of sin? let it not be!”
Meaning of Words: “seek”: seek after
desire; “certainly not”: let it no be.
Literal Meaning: “while we seek to be
justified by Christ” it refers to
relying on the grace of the Lord’s redemption only and not relying in the works
of the law.
“We ourselves also are found sinners” It is the view of the Judaizers who held
that those who did not keep the law were still sinners
no matter if they had
believed in Christ.
“Is Christ therefore a minister of sin?” Paul said that the above-mentioned
statement almost put Christ in the position of serving sin. But was that so?
Paul firmly said that
“certainly not!”
Gal. 2:18 “For if I build again
those things which I destroyed
I make myself a transgressor.”
YLT: “for if the things I
threw down
these again I build up
a transgressor I set myself forth;”
Meaning of Words: “destroy”: loosen
down
spoil; “build”: construct
edify
embolden.
Literal Meaning: what Paul destroyed
was the teaching of justification by the works of the law (v.16). If he built
up this wrong teaching again
i.e. admitting that the works of the law were the
foundation of one’s being saved
it proved that the action that he destroyed
the law was sin.
Gal. 2:19 “For I through the law
died to the law that I might live to God.”
YLT: “for I through law
did die
that to God I may live;”
Literal Meaning: “through the law” It
means that through the law Paul knew that he cannot keep the law.
“Died to the law” And therefore he no long fulfilled the duty by
the dead works to the law.
“That I might live to God” And he turned to live to God by faith.
Enlightenment in the Word:
1) Since men cannot meet the demands of the law
the only way to be free from the law is death (
2) If men
live to the law
they cannot live to God. If the law has the position in men
God cannot have the position in men.
3) Living to God is the result and dying to the law
is the reason. If we want to achieve the result
we must have the reason.
4) Death cuts off the relation and life keeps the
relation. If we want to have relation to God
we should be out of the relation
to the law.
5) We must put all the regulations
ambitions
desires
goodness and badness of life aside and this way
the living God will
reign and work in us as our power and guide us in the life.
Gal. 2:20 “I have been crucified
with Christ; it is no longer I who live
but Christ lives in me; and the life
which I now live in the flesh I live by faith in the Son of God
who loved me
and gave Himself for me.”
YLT: “with Christ I have
been crucified
and live no more do I
and Christ doth live in me; and that
which I now live in the flesh -- in the faith I live of the Son of God
who did
love me and did give himself for me;”
Meaning of Words: “have been
crucified” It is in the perfect tense and it refers to the present effective
action which had been done in the past.
Literal Meaning: this verse shows the
mystery of “living by faith”:
1) Who do we believe in? “Believing in the Son of
God”.
2) Why do we believe? “He loved me and gave Himself
for me”.
3) What’s the effect of faith? In the negative
aspect
the old man “has been crucified with Christ” and in the positive
aspect
the new man “now lives in the flesh”.
4) What’s the true meaning of life? “It is no longer I who live
but Christ lives in me”.
Enlightenment in the Word:
1) The word “has been” shows that the fact that we
have been crucified with Christ is a past fact. When Christ died on the cross
God had put us in Him and made us die with Him together.
2) The problem lies in whether we appropriate the
fact which is fulfilled objectively and make it become our subjective
experience today.
3) If we want to experience that we have been
crucified with Christ
we must be hopeless of ourselves first and say “amen” to
the fact which God has accomplished.
4) In the experience of Christians
dying with Him
together was before living with Him together. If one does not have the
experience of dying with Him
he would not have the experience of living with
Him.
5) Not only the “bad” me but also the “good” me
(who desired to be justified by the works of the law) need to be crucified with
Him.
6) “Denying oneself and taking up his cross” is the
key to follow the Lord (Luke. 9:23).
7) The cross is God’s conclusion and he concluded
that I should die. However
if I was unwilling to surrender to God’s conclusion
completely
I cannot achieve the condition that “it is no longer I who live
but Christ
lives in me”.
8) “No longer I” is before “but Christ”. Christ
begins to work the moment that you fully stop your works. When you are stilling
working
Christ keeps Himself unmoved.
9) God does not want us to live like Christ. He
wants us not to live and let Christ live in us.
10) “I live by faith in the Son of God” It means that we believe that the Son of God
lives in us and the Lord Himself has been our live.
11) “I live by faith in the Son of God” The faith in the Son of God is the faith of the
Lord Jesus. He believes that God bestows blessings and He also believes that
God does not bestow blessings sometimes. He believes that God works and He also
believes that God does not work sometimes. Whatever conditions He is in
He
always commits Himself to the hand of God and even when He was on the cross
he
still believed the goodwill of God. It is the faith that makes us live on the
earth.
Gal. 2:21 “I do not set aside the
grace of God; for if righteousness comes through the law
then Christ died in
vain.’”
YLT: “I do not make void
the grace of God
for if righteousness [be] through law -- then Christ died in
vain.”
Meaning of Words: “set aside”: make
void
disannul
cancel
invalid; “in vain”: without a cause
for naught
unnecessary.
Literal Meaning: if what the
Judaizers said was right and men were justified by the works of the law
it
would be unnecessary for Christ to be crucified. Their point of view not only
disannulled God’s salvation but also made Christ’s crucifixion be in vain.
However
Paul said that he did not “set aside the grace of God”. He did not
rely on the works of the law but rely on the salvation.
III.
Outlines of the Spiritual Lessons
The Example that the Apostles Gave in the
Beginning of the Church
I. The positions of the apostles were the same and
there isn’t the relative superiority (v.6).
II. The gospel that the apostles preached was the
same and no one added something to it or decreased it (v.6).
III. The apostles’ understanding to the truth of
the gospel was the same (See Acts. 15:22-29).
IV. The ministry of the apostles was not of men’s
appointment but the Lord’s commission (v.7).
V. The apostles respected each other the burden of
work (v.8).
VI. The apostles were responsible to the Lord
respectively
however
they still had communion with each other (v.9).
VII. The apostles also encouraged each other
(v.10).
Paul and Those Who Were of Reputation
I. He was willing to communicate with them and be
approved by them (v.2).
II. He was confident in the revelation that he had
received and was not influenced by persons (v.6).
III. He received their coordination and
encouragement in the work (v.9-10).
IV. He withstood them to their face when they were
not straightforward about the truth of the gospel (v.11-14).
Paul’s Burden to the Gospel
I. Preaching the gospel (v.2).
II. Holding on the truth of the gospel (v.5).
III. Knowing the objects to whom he preached the
gospel (v.7-8).
IV. Defending the truth of the gospel (v.11-14).
How to Live out the Gospel
I. Having the communion of the Holy Spirit inward
(v.8).
II. Walking according to the truth of the gospel
outward (v.14).
III. Living to God by faith (v.19).
IV. Dying and living with Christ (v.20).
──
Caleb Huang《Christian Digest Bible
Commentary Series》
Translated by Sharon Ren